害虫抗药性治理策略-多位点杀虫毒素的研究

害虫对杀虫剂产生抗药性，降低了农药使用效率，增大了农药用量，污染了环境。害虫抗药性可分为单一抗性、多重抗性、交互抗性。害虫抗药性由遗传因素、生态因素和操作因素决定，3种因素作用不当都能引起害虫抗性的发生。农药有效成分作用于害虫的特定位点，害虫对农药抗药性就是克服农药位点作用，使之失效、钝化，保持农药作用位点敏感性是减缓害虫抗药性的有效方法。每一种农药对害虫都有一个主要作用位点，每一种害虫郜存在多个农药作用位点。多位点杀虫毒素的研究是克服害虫抗药性的有效途径。将B．t．的杀虫毒素进行酶切改造，形成带末端氨基的原毒素，将阿维菌素的羟基进行激活、衍生化，形成带羧基的杀虫毒素衍生物，最后利用氨基-羧基偶联剂(EDC)进行藕合，实现两种生物毒素的结构改造和生化结合。BtA解决了生物农药杀虫谱窄和杀虫速率慢的弱点。     

Sex pheromone of the mullein bug,Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae)

The first known sex pheromone for the family Miridae is reported for the mullein bug,Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae). Extracts of and Porapak Q-trapped volatiles from females were attractive to males in field bioassays. Butyl butyrate and hexyl butyrate were the predominant compounds in the females' volatiles, but these compounds previously had been found to be inactive when released alone or in combination. Butyl butyrate in combination with an isolated trace chemical, (E)-crotyl butyrate (which was inactive alone), rivaled the attraction elicited by five live females. When synthetic butyl butyrate and (E)-crotyl butyrate in a 16: 1 ratio were released at 91 or 183 g/day, they comprised an effective attractant for male bugs.     

Surface disposition and stability of pest-interactive,trichome-exuded diterpenes and sucrose esters of tobacco

The precise physical location of trichome-exudate biochemicals on the plant surface is undoubtedly important in plant-pest interactions, perhaps particularly those involving fungal and bacterial pathogens that invade the plant through the epidermal layer. The chemical stability of exuded compounds is also important in this regard. Here we have studied these two aspects of trichome biology using the highly exuded tobacco line,Nicotiana tabacum, T.I. 1068. Particularly under high relative humidity growth conditions, sucrose esters (SE) were found to migrate from the exudate droplet around the gland down the trichome stalk to the epidermal cells below. Six days after labeling leaf midveins on plants grown in a high humidity environment, 29 and 71% of label found in SE were recovered with trichome glands and below gland regions, respectively. Corresponding disposition in the moderate humidity environment was 40 and 60%, respectively. Migration of less polar duvatrienediols (DVT) was less marked. Staining of SE with rhodamine B showed the occurrence of more extensive and physically different migration in the high humidity versus moderate humidity case. Both SE and DVT were stable between six and 18 days postlabeling, the period encompassing the time of maximum exudate formation through the beginning of tissue senescence. Our results suggest that even under conditions that avoid mechanical disturbance of tissue, SE and DVT are chemically stable, at least until senescence, and appear to migrate from the gland region to the epidermal surface, apparently according to their relative polarity.     

Oxidation and intergranular disintegration of the aluminides NiAl and NbAl3 and phases in the system Nb-Ni-Al

The oxidation behavior is very different for an aluminide with a wide homogeneity range such as -NiAl than for a line compound such as NbAl ₃.Oxidation of -NiAl at temperatures 1273 K leads to a slow-growing -alumina layer. The metal phase beneath the scale remains as -NiAl; however, cavity formation is observed. The cavity formation may be favored by sulphur surface segregation. Oxidation of NbAl ₃ at temperatures 1273 K initially leads to -Al ₂O₃,but the Al depletion causes the formation of Nb ₂ Al beneath the oxide layer. Cracking of the Al ₂O₃ layer opens Nb ₂ Al to the atmosphere, which oxidizes rapidly to Nb ₂O₅ and NbAlO₄.After consumption of the Nb ₂ Al, a layer of Al ₂O₃ formed again on the NbAl ₃ phase, but failure of the alumina and the fast growth of the other oxides occur as a repeated process. Thus, NbAl ₃ exhibited rapid linear oxidation kinetics. Multiphase alloys in the system Nb-Ni-Al generally behave better than NbAl ₃,and the low oxidation rates of -NiAl can be approached. In the temperature range below 1273 K, with a maximum at 1000 K, both NiAl and NbAl ₃ show the pest phenomenon, an intergranular disintegration. Preceding the disintegration, oxygen diffuses into the grain boundaries of the material and Al ₂O₃ is formed at the grain boundaries, beginning from the surface region. NiAl is susceptible only in a very limited range of oxygen pressures and temperatures, whereas NbAl ₃ is much more susceptible.     

基于超像素快速模糊C均值聚类与支持向量机的柑橘病虫害区域分割

针对目前柑橘病虫害图像数据集较少,病虫害目标复杂、散漫,难以自动定位分割的问题,提出了一种基于超像素快速模糊C均值聚类（SFFCM）与支持向量机（SVM）的农业柑橘病虫害区域分割方法。该方法充分利用了SFFCM快速、鲁棒的优点,且融合了空间信息的特点,同时避免了传统SVM在图像分割上需要人工选择样本的缺点。首先,利用改进的SFFCM分割算法对待分割图像进行预分割,得到前景和背景区域;接着利用形态学中的腐蚀和膨胀操作对前景和背景区域进行缩小,然后自动选取训练样本进行SVM模型训练;最后用训练好的SVM分类器完成整幅图像的分割。将所提方法与快速鲁棒模糊C均值聚类（FRFCM）、原始SFFCM及边缘引导网络（EGNet）这三种方法进行实验对比,结果表明所提方法的平均召回率为0.937 1,平均精确率为0.941 8,平均准确率为0.930 3,均明显优于对比算法。     

嵌入式技术在虫害测报系统中的应用研究

通过对嵌入式系统定义及嵌入式技术特点的阐述,说明了ARM嵌入式技术的优势。结合嵌入式技术在虫害测报系统中的具体应用实例,说明了运用ARM嵌入式系统的必要性、有效性以及必然趋势。     

A computer implementation of the partition of the unity procedure and its application to arthropod population dynamics. A case study on the European grape berry moth

This paper presents a new procedure to construct families of spatial approximation-prediction functions which depend on several parameters. The method is based on partitions of the unity. In order to find optimal functions in these families we introduce a Vietoris simplicial set associated to an influence radius. We consider error estimators induced by these Vietoris simplicial sets. A computational implementation of these mathematical models has been developed to be applied to any kind of finite discrete data. Our methods provide a useful tool for the analysis of the spatial distribution of species, which is imperative for developing accurate and efficient management of endangered and invasive species, biological conservation programs, etc. We demonstrate the application of our method to the analysis of the spatial distribution of the grape moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the vineyards of La Rioja obtaining useful results for the management of this pest.     

无线网络数据传输在PDA 系统中的应用

以野外林业有害生物采集系统为例,介绍了PDA通过无线网络实现移动终端与服务器之间的实时数据传输,从而可申请Google map提供的免费地图服务作为野外数据采集的调查底图,并且减少PDA存储空间的压力。无线网络数据传输技术可以将数据采集与数据处理融合在一起,提高了PDA系统的开发效率和适用范围。     

基于物联网的苹果树病虫防治专家系统的设计与应用

提出一种基于物联网技术的专家系统结构,并以苹果树病虫防治专家系统为例,介绍专家系统的设计方法,以及物联网技术在专家系统中的应用和管理.     

几种诱捕器对储粮害虫诱捕效果的评价

利用不同形状的诱捕器对几种主要储粮害虫的诱捕效果进行了评价.以碎麦作为食物引诱剂,在粮堆的纵向中线及墙边缘布置4种诱捕器;并在粮堆的中线上布置不同数量的诱捕器,使得诱捕器的摆放密度不同.研究结果表明:4种诱捕器放在墙边缘诱到的蛾类、书虱和锈赤扁谷盗较放在粮堆中线要多,并且差异显著(P<0.05);4种诱捕器对于不同习性的害虫诱捕的效果差异显著:诱捕蛾类时,圆顶诱捕器的诱捕效果最好,其次是三角诱捕器.探管诱捕器对于书虱、锈赤扁谷盗、米象的诱捕效果最好.同时结果显示,圆盘诱捕器对多种储粮害虫都表现出良好的诱捕效果;诱捕器的摆放密度对于诱捕器的诱捕效果影响显著.