Design Methodology and Area Sensitivity Analysis of Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands

An approach is presented to satisfy the demand for simple criteria, guidelines and models for the preliminary sizing of horizontal subsurface flow (SF) constructed wetland systems. This approach eliminates time-consuming calculations and iterations by providing graphical solutions for wetland system sizing. Therefore, it can be used for the preliminary assessment of new or performance evaluation of existing subsurface flow constructed wetland systems. The validity of this methodology is checked with data from existing systems and is found to be quite satisfactory. This methodology is combined with simple equations predicting the maximum wetland capacity in summer, so as to assist designers in sizing installations in tourist areas with increased summer populations. Furthermore, based on this methodology, a sensitivity analysis is performed of the area requirements for wastewaters of various strengths and various design conditions and performance criteria. The results provide a useful overview to engineers and further simplify the design methodology of new subsurface flow constructed wetland systems.     

Organic matter and nitrogen removal by an on site sewage treatment and disposal system

The performance of an on site sewage treatment and disposal system consisting of a septic tank, a gravel filter, a sand filter and soil absorption trenches operated alternatively, was studied in relation to organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiency. The system was simulated with the aid of a laboratory scale model. BOD₅ and SS removal efficiencies averaged 92.9 and 93.4% respectively. Substantial removal of nitrogen (up to 70%) was achieved due to nitrification followed by denitrification. Removal efficiencies were found to depend on the compaction characteristics of the filter media and the soil, the hydraulic loading applied and the flow conditions (saturated/unsaturated). The results indicate that the system under consideration is a feasible alternative for on site treatment and disposal of domestic sewage.     

Elastoplastic modelling of subsurface crack growth in rail/wheel contact problems

Propagation of small subsurface cracks subjected to shear under repeated rolling contact load is studied. An analytical crack model (Dugdale) with plastic strips at the two crack tips is employed. Compressive stresses promoting crack closure and friction between crack faces are considered. The triaxial stress state is used in the yield criterion. A damage criterion is suggested based on experimental LCF data. In a numerical study, critical crack lengths are found below which propagation of an existing crack should be effectively suppressed.     

水管理策略对土壤水盐动态和区域地下排水影响的模拟评价

以宁夏惠农灌区平罗试验区为对象，基于田间观测与灌溉试验结果，在田间尺度采用SWAP模型开展不同地下水调控深度与灌溉制度相结合的水管理方案下土壤水盐动态的模拟，在区域尺度采用MODFLOW模型进行不同水管理方案对区域地下排水量影响的模拟评价，据此分析土壤水盐动态过程和农田排水系统的作用，对拟定的各种水管理方案进行评价。结果表明，现状灌溉用水量虽有助于减少表土盐分积聚，但地下排水量占灌溉用水量的39．4％；现状灌溉用水量减少50％时，浅埋地下水位会加重表土积盐；现状灌溉用水量减少25％时，作物根区没有产生明显的积盐，地下排水量减少31．4％。因此，较为合理的水管理方案是将现状灌水量减少25％的同时将地下水埋深控制在70cm以下，才能达到节水、增产、改善农田水土环境的目标。     

Surface and subsurface products of the interaction of O2 with Ag under catalytic conditions

Polycrystalline Ag treated with O₂ at pressures up to 1 bar and at temperatures up to 920 K was examined by TDS. It was found that the peak commonly observed at 595±25 K and assigned to adsorbed atomic oxygen (O_a) is shifted to higher desorption temperatures with rising dosing temperatures. Since saturation of the uptake was not possible either, this peak was identified as dissolved atomic oxygen (O_d). The existence of a maximum for the O₂ uptake after exposure at 820 K was found. Hence, under conditions of formaldehyde synthesis ( 920 K) the ability of the catalyst to dissolve oxygen is near its maximum.     

Diamond growth by carbon ion implantation of diamond

Medium energy (5–25 keV) ¹³C⁺ ion implantation into diamond (100) to a fluence ranging from 10¹⁶ cm⁻² to 10¹⁸ cm⁻² was performed for the study of diamond growth via the approach of ion beam implantation. The samples were characterized with Rutherford backscattering/channelling spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Extended defects are formed in the cascade collision volume during bombardment at high temperatures. Carbon incorporation indeed induces a volume growth but the diamond (100) samples receiving a fluence of 4 × 10¹⁷ to 2 × 10¹⁸ at. cm⁻² (with a dose rate of 5 × 10¹⁵ at. cm⁻² s⁻¹ at 5 to 25 keV and 800 °C) showed no He-ion channelling. Common to these samples is that the top surface layer of a few nanometers has a substantial amount of graphite which can be removed by chemical etching. The rest of the grown layer is polycrystalline diamond with a very high density of extended defects.     

面源污染中磷流失多重影响因素主成分分析

为全面了解对美国中部Illinois州具有浅层排水系统的轮作农业地区的面源污染问题,利用主成分分析方法及多元线性回归,对Little Vermillion River流域磷流失影响因素主成分进行分析.结果表明,磷流失的影响因素基本分为3大主成分:一是生物主成分,包括温度、植被类型、覆盖因子、生物量、散蒸量;二是水力主成分,降雨及流量;三是人为干扰主成分,施肥量及耕作内容.其中水力主成分对流失的影响最大,尤其是对浅层排水中磷流失的影响.     

熔石英元件抛光加工表面残余应力的计算方法

为解决传统检测方法无法直接定量检测非晶体熔石英玻璃表面残余应力的问题,基于脆性固体断裂力学理论,推导残余应力的理论计算公式,提出光学元件抛光加工表面残余应力计算新方法.采用尖锐压头进行纳米印压实验,提取压痕过程中对残余应力敏感的参数,并对实验数据进行线性拟合,确定拟合线的斜率,通过测量残余应力引起其他物理参数的变化计算残余应力.对比分析结果表明,计算得到残余应力值与应力双折射仪检测得到的数据基本吻合,验证了提出残余应力计算方法的正确性.     

竖直地埋管换热器多个钻孔地层热阻计算方法

为解决国家规范中关于多个钻孔热干扰下的地层热阻计算问题,针对竖直地埋管换热器系统,提出了矩形阵列钻孔布置中不同参考钻孔下的地层热阻数值计算方法,并通过算例模拟分析研究了不同钻孔布置形式以及不同钻孔间距情况下的地层热阻分布.结果表明:规则矩形阵列钻孔布置的中心位置地层热阻最大,且布置形式越趋近正方形,钻孔间距越小,地层热阻越大;而不规则矩形阵列钻孔布置的最大地层热阻位置会根据未布置钻孔点位发生相对偏移,但偏移量可忽略.研究成果可为竖直地埋管换热器设计提供理论参考.     

浅层时序灌溉条件下入渗压力对水分运移的影响

为寻找合适的浅层灌溉方法,采用水平方向和垂直方向的一维压力入渗及再分布实验,研究入渗压力对湿润峰前进速度、入渗率、土壤平均含水量、水分再分布过程中湿润峰前进速度及对干土层厚度的影响.研究结果表明：入渗阶段提高入渗压力增大了湿润峰前进速度、入渗率及平均含水量,其中对湿润峰前进速度和入渗率的影响主要表现在入渗初期;入渗压力对再分布过程湿润峰前进速度没有影响;入渗压力对垂直土柱干土层厚度没有影响;调节入渗压力是调节含水量大小及水分分布形态重要手段,适当地减小入渗压力能避免形成植物所不需要的高含水量区。