Determination of instantaneous corrosion rates and runoff rates of copper from naturally patinated copper during continuous rain events

Instantaneous corrosion rates of naturally patinated copper of varying age (16 months, 138 and 145 years) have been determined during continuous rain events in the laboratory with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a two-electrode cell. The two-electrode cell was found to yield the same information in bulk rainwater as a conventional three-electrode cell.Relatively constant corrosion rates, between 0.2 and 0.6 μm/y, were determined for samples having a two-layer structure with an inner brownish layer of cuprous oxide and an outer greenish layer of basic copper salts (138, 145 years). Samples with cuprous oxide as the dominating phase of the patina (16 months) showed higher and somewhat increasing corrosion rates during a rain event (from 0.6 to 1.2 μm/y). During a continuous rain event, corrosion rates were found to be approximately 10 (brownish patina) and 25 times (greenish patina) lower than corresponding instantaneous runoff rates. The first flush phenomena of the runoff process, with an increased concentration during first flush and a relatively constant concentration during steady state, was indirectly seen as an increase in solution conductivity during the first rain volume followed by relative constant value. The contribution of the concentration in the first flush to the total annual runoff rate was significant for panels having a greenish layer (138, 145 years) whereas it was negligible for panels having a brownish layer (16 months).     

Investigation of Boundary Shear Stress and Pollutant Detachment from Impervious Surface during Simulated Urban Storm Runoff

Pollutant detachment rates have been determined for four chloride salts during simulated urban storm runoff. Under rainfall and/or overland flow conditions, chloride mass flux was measured and related to boundary shear stress of the test surface. Washoff coefficients, presumed to depend only on pollutant characteristics, were computed based on the slopes of dimensionless mass flux versus dimensionless time plots. Washoff coefficients were found to vary among and between the chloride compounds studied. In general, higher overland flow rates produced lower boundary shear and lower washoff coefficients. The combination of simulated rainfall and overland flow resulted in an increased boundary shear and an increased washoff coefficient. An empirical washoff coefficient based on a load characteristic curve derived from an exponential washoff relationship was also computed from the runoff data and compared with the previous washoff coefficient. A linear correlation between these two washoff coefficients was observed. The magnitude of the latter coefficient under simulated rainfall was consistent with reported values obtained from field data.     

A comprehensive approach to evaluating watershed models for predicting river flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services

Selection of strategies that help reduce riverine inputs requires numerical models that accurately quantify hydrologic processes. While numerous models exist, information on how to evaluate and select the most robust models is limited. Toward this end, we developed a comprehensive approach that helps evaluate watershed models in their ability to simulate flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services. We demonstrated the method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model, and Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model (DLBRM) applied to the Maumee River Basin (USA). The approach helped in identifying that each model simulated flows within acceptable ranges. However, each was limited in its ability to simulate flows triggered by extreme weather events, owing to algorithms not being optimized for such events and mismatched physiographic watershed conditions. Ultimately, we found HSPF to best predict river flow, whereas SWAT offered the most flexibility for evaluating agricultural management practices.     

赣江水沙关系变化模拟

利用赣江上游坝上、峡山、翰林桥、居龙滩水文站、中游峡江水文站和下游外洲水文站1957~2010年径流量与悬移质泥沙输沙量监测资料,分析赣江水沙关系特征和水沙关系的多年变化情况;通过经验模拟,探讨水沙关系变化的原因与发展趋势.结果表明,无论是上游(赣州)、中游峡江站,还是下游外洲站,年输沙量与年径流量相关点群均呈双层分布,分层时间(年份)节点有所不同.     

朱庄水库流域径流量变化特征及影响因素

利用朱庄区域长系列水文资料,对径流量的年内、年际变化特征及变化趋势进行了分析研究,分析了人类活动影响引起下垫面变化导致径流变化的原因,估算了降水和下垫面变化对径流量的影响量。该区域径流量年内、年际变化较大;多年径流量系列呈减少趋势,尤其从20世纪70年代末以来径流量发生了显著变异;下垫面变化是径流量减少的主要原因。     

Evaluation and Optimization of Bioretention Media for Treatment of Urban Storm Water Runoff

Bioretention is a relatively new urban storm water best management practice. The objective of this study is to provide insight on media characteristics that control bioretention water management behavior. Eighteen bioretention columns and six existing bioretention facilities were evaluated employing synthetic runoff. In columns, the runoff infiltration rate through different media mixtures ranged from 0.28 to 8.15?cm/min at a fixed 15 cm head. For pollutant removals, the results showed excellent removal for oil/grease (>96%). Total lead removal (from 66 to >98%) decreased when the total suspended solids level in the effluent increased (removed from 29 to >96%). The removal efficiency of total phosphorus ranged widely (4–99%), apparently due to preferential flow patterns, and both nitrate and ammonium were moderate to poorly removed, with removals ranging from 1 to 43% and from 2 to 49%, respectively. Two more on-site experiments were conducted during a rainfall event to compare with laboratory investigation. For bioretention design, two media design profiles are proposed; >96%?TSS, >96%?O/G, >98%?lead, >70%?TP, >9%?nitrate, and >20%?ammonium removals are expected with these designs     

Evolution of corrosion products and metal release from Galvalume coatings on steel during short and long-term atmospheric exposures

Non-treated Galvalume (55% Al, 43.4% Zn and 1.6% Si by weight) coatings have been studied through a combination of surface, near surface and bulk analysis after exposure at marine conditions, and for comparison also in an urban test site and in successively more complex short-term laboratory exposures. Slightly polished Galvalume surfaces exhibit dendritic aluminum-rich areas with higher Volta potential compared with interdendritic zinc-rich areas. These effects were not observed on bare as-received surfaces due to the overall presence of aluminum oxide. As a result, preferential corrosion occurred initially in interdendritic areas. The zinc release rate followed the same time-dependence as the surface coverage of zinc-containing phases at the marine exposure condition with zinc predominantly released compared to aluminum. Short term laboratory exposures generated the same main phases as formed at marine conditions. This confirms that the evolution of corrosion products and time dependence of zinc release rates can be explained by the uniform formation of less soluble Al₂O₃, AlOOH and Al(OH)₃ compared to observed zinc-containing phases, e.g. ZnO, zinc hydroxycarbonate and zinc hydroxychloride. The same underlying mechanism is believed to operate also during exposure of Galvalume in the urban site studied.     

安太堡露天矿排土场表层岩土的径流特征与复垦种植

采用针孔或小型人工降雨机，分别模拟山西塞北高原９０～６０ｍｉｎ、６０～４５ｍｉｎ、４５～３０ｍｉｎ、３０～１５ｍｉｎ各时段降水量极大值，探讨大型露天矿排土场各种排土工艺下地表岩土的径流特征，以指导排土工艺和复垦种植。     

Impact of Storm-Water Runoff on Clogging and Fecal Bacteria Reduction in Sand Columns

Storm-water runoff has been identified as a major cause of coastal water quality degradation. Storm-water outfalls, common in many coastal towns, convey bacteria and other pollutants into the ocean and estuaries. In an effort to minimize this impact, the Town of Kure Beach, North Carolina, installed Dune Infiltration Systems (DIS) at two storm-water outfalls to receive storm-water runoff and allow infiltration beneath the beach dunes. A laboratory column experiment was performed to supplement this installation and determine the potential hydraulic and bacterial removal efficiency of the sand comprising the Kure Beach dunes. Columns constructed using sand collected at different depths of the dune were used to analyze the affect of bacteria application on infiltration and to examine the changes in bacteria removal that occur as infiltration rates are affected by bacteria-laden water application. Sand columns were loaded over a 60-day period with either bacteria-free storm water or storm water spiked with Escherichia coli. The seepage rate for the bacteria-spiked storm-water treatment was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the seepage rate of the bacteria-free treatment, particularly toward the end of the study. Bacteria application likely compounds the impact of sediment clogging at the sand/storm-water interface. This study indicates the need for maintenance when implementing a DIS or similar sand filter to maintain design infiltration rates, especially if reduced infiltration rates are not planned for in the design. However, a decrease in seepage rate was correlated with a decrease in effluent bacteria concentration in the bacteria-spiked storm-water sand columns. Thus, optimization is required to provide maximum infiltration of storm-water while maintaining bacteria removal efficiency.     

Review of Bioretention System Research and Design: Past, Present, and Future

This paper reviews the evolution of bioretention systems, a promising at-source storm-water best management practice. The introduction of bioretention systems in the 1990s by Prince George’s County, Md. is examined along with the motivations behind the development of the systems. A summary of the research findings on the performance of bioretention systems is provided including proposed design modifications to improve the field performance. Also included is an overview of past and current bioretention design guidelines in North America, as well as a discussion of issues surrounding the public adoption and implementation of bioretention systems. Potential alternative uses for the systems are highlighted and a review of bioretention modeling work is provided. Finally, the paper outlines research needs and anticipated future work necessary to bring about the widespread use of bioretention systems.