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1.
George Ter-Stepanian 《Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment》2002,61(3):197-205
The paper discusses the postulated suspension force, by which it is possible to explain some enigmatic phenomena observed
in different types of mass movements. This force is generated in thick suspensions as a result of friction between sinking
solid particles and static water. The suspension force is related to the seepage force but they have opposite directions.
Both forces form flow networks. Having explained the suspension force, the paper describes how this influences the movement
of material, particularly in debris flows. Enigmatic features and the mechanism of debris flows and lahars are explained by
virtue of the suspension force.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
2.
Predictions of the discharge and the associated sediment concentration are very useful ingredients in any water resources reservoir design, planning, maintenance, and operation. Although there are many empirical relationships between the discharge and sediment concentration amounts, they need estimation of model parameters. Generally, parameter estimations are achieved through the regression method (RM), which has several restrictive assumptions. Such models are locally valid and their structures and parameter values are questionable from region to others. This paper proposes a new approach for sediment concentration prediction provided that there are measurements of discharge and sediment concentration. The basis of the methodology is a dynamic transitional model between successive time instances based on two variables, namely, discharge and sediment concentration measurements. The transition matrix elements are estimated from the measurements through a special form of the artificial neural networks as perceptrons. The sediment concentration predictions from discharge measurements are achieved through a perceptron Kalman filtering (PKF) technique. In the meantime, this technique also provides temporal predictions. A certain portion of the measurement sequence is employed for the model parameter estimations through training and the remaining part is used for the model verification. Detailed comparisons between RM and PKF approaches are presented and, finally, it is shown that the latter model works dynamically by simulating the observation scatter diagram in the best possible manner with smaller prediction errors. The application of the methodology is performed for the discharge and sediment concentration measurements obtained from the Mississippi River basin at St. Louis, Missouri. It is found that the PKF methodology has smaller average relative, root-mean-square, and absolute errors than RM. Furthermore, graphical representation, such as the scatter and frequency diagrams, indicated that the PKF approach has superiority over the RM. 相似文献
3.
4.
Jyh-Ping Hsu Shu-Chuan Yang Jung-Chieh Chen 《Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers》2007,38(5-6):409-418
The boundary effect and the presence of a nearby entity on the drag of a rigid entity is investigated by considering the movement of two identical, rigid, coaxial spheres normal to a plane in both a Newtonian and a Carreau fluid at a low to medium large Reynolds number. The parameters key to the phenomenon under consideration, including the nature of the fluid, the separation distance between two spheres, the distance between the near sphere and the plane, and the Reynolds number, on the drag coefficient are discussed. We show that the influence of a boundary on the drag coefficient is more important than that of the nature of a fluid and that of the separation distance between two spheres. The variation of the drag coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for a Carreau fluid is similar to that for a Newtonian fluid. Due to the shear-thinning nature of the former the drag coefficient in the former is smaller than that in the latter. The influence of the index parameter of a Carreau fluid becomes appreciable only if the Carreau number is sufficiently large. Correlations between the drag coefficient and the key parameters of a system are developed for the case when the Reynolds number is smaller than l. 相似文献
5.
6.
Based upon a new conception that the solid compressive pressure on a cake surface is not null, almost of all solid-liquid
separation operations have been re-examined. For cake filtration, the phenomenon caused by the solid compressive pressure
on a cake surface is discussed for thin cake. New expression and hindered sed-imentation theories are developed by above new
conception using Darcy’s equation. Application of the new conception to centrifugal filtration and tangential filtration is
also discussed. Above results lead to the conclusion that cake filtration, expression, hindered sedimentation, centrifugal
filtration and tangential filtration can be described with a unified theory, and the main difference between the operations
is only the boundary condition of cake. 相似文献
7.
8.
E.I. Vargha-Butler T.K. Zubovits D.R. Absolom A.W. Neumann H.A. Hamza 《Chemical Engineering Communications》1985,33(5):255-276
The sedimentation volume, Vsed, of coal particles in mixtures of pairs of non-polar and more polar organic liquid combinations as well as in aqueous solutions was determined at 20°C.
The liquid combinations were chosen such that the surface tension, γSV, of the coal particles fell between the surface tensions, γLV, of the two liquids. A constant mass of a given coal sample was suspended in constant volumes of liquid mixtures of different concentrations.
It was found that the sedimentation volume changed with varying composition of the liquid mixtures, as did the surface tension. A maximum or a minimum occurred in Vsed when the surface tension of the suspending liquid was equal to that of the coal particles, i.e. when γLV = γSV. Maxima occurred in more polar and minima in the non-polar or less polar liquid mixtures. The position of the extrema, and hence the surface tension, γsv, of the particles, was found to change with particle size, in agreement with findings from other independent techniques.
It was found that the surface tension of coal, γsv, depends on the surrounding liquid, i.e. coal is hydrophobic in organic and hydrophilic in aqueous media, again in agreement with the results from other techniques. 相似文献
The liquid combinations were chosen such that the surface tension, γSV, of the coal particles fell between the surface tensions, γLV, of the two liquids. A constant mass of a given coal sample was suspended in constant volumes of liquid mixtures of different concentrations.
It was found that the sedimentation volume changed with varying composition of the liquid mixtures, as did the surface tension. A maximum or a minimum occurred in Vsed when the surface tension of the suspending liquid was equal to that of the coal particles, i.e. when γLV = γSV. Maxima occurred in more polar and minima in the non-polar or less polar liquid mixtures. The position of the extrema, and hence the surface tension, γsv, of the particles, was found to change with particle size, in agreement with findings from other independent techniques.
It was found that the surface tension of coal, γsv, depends on the surrounding liquid, i.e. coal is hydrophobic in organic and hydrophilic in aqueous media, again in agreement with the results from other techniques. 相似文献
9.
A centrifugal sedimentation method (CSM) is proposed for the assessment of deformability of red blood cells. The method is based on the premise that a red blood cell (RBC) should deform in a centrifugal field due to the variation of the centrifugal acceleration with the distance from the center of rotation. This change in shape of the RBC leads to a change in the rate of sedimentation in the centrifugal field. The rate of sedimentation, which serves as a measure of deformability, is characterized by an apparent sedimentation coefficient (ASC) and its normalized value (NASC), which is calculated by comparison with a control group of normal RBCs. It has been shown that the NASC is sensitive to the speed of rotation, to treatments with glutaraldehyde, diamide, or chlorpromazine, to heat treatment and to osmotic pressure variations. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Great Lakes research》2023,49(2):368-386
A complete annual cycle of the dynamics of fine-grained sediment supplied by the Omo and smaller rivers is simulated for Lake Turkana, one of the world’s large lakes, with the hydrodynamic, wave and sediment transport model Delft3D. The model is forced with river liquid and solid discharge and wind data in order to simulate cohesive sediment transport and resuspension. It simulates stratification due to salinity, wave generation and dissipation, and sediment advection and resuspension by waves and currents, with multiple cohesive sediment fractions. A comparison of the simulation results with remotely-sensed imagery and with available in-situ sediment deposition rates validates the model. By devising simulation scenarios in which certain processes were switched on or off, we investigated the contribution of waves, wind-induced surface and bottom currents, salinity-induced stratification and river jet, in resuspending and transporting fine sediments in the lake basin. With only the wind or river influence, most of the sediment deposition occurs in the first 10 km off the Omo River mouth and at a depth < 10 m. When waves are switched on, increased bed shear stresses resuspend most of the fine sediments, that are then deposited further and deeper in the first 30 km, in water depths > 30 m. This study sheds new light on sediment transport in Lake Turkana and in great lakes in general, favouring the view that wind-waves can be the main agent that transports sediment away from river mouths and to deeper areas, as opposed to river-plume or gravity-driven transport. 相似文献