Viscosity estimation for slags containing calcium fluoride

Based on recently published experimental data, the Riboud model was modified for viscosity estimation of the slags containing calcium fluoride. The estimated values were in good agreement with measured data. Reasonable estimation can be achieved using the modified Riboud model for mould fluxes and ESR (eletro slag remelting) slags. Especially for ESR slags, the modified Riboud model can provide much more precise values than the original Riboud model.     

正交曲线坐标下三维代数应力通量模型

针对弯曲及不规则明渠的水动力及物质输运特性，本文建立了曲线坐标系下的三维代数应力通量数学模型，对平面上弯曲及不规则复杂边界情形，采用Poisson方程进行正交曲线坐标变换，各向异性的湍流代数应力通量模型被引用于本文的模拟计算中，以体现复杂边界条件引起的水动力及物质输运特性的变化。通过180度强弯曲明渠水槽及贵溪电厂不规则边界河段物理模型试验两个实例计算表明，实测值与计算吻合良好，效果令人满意。     

连铸结晶器保护渣自动加渣器

分析了常规结晶器保护渣自动加渣器存在的问题；指出了开发新结晶器保护渣自动加渣器应遵循的原则；提出了改进结晶器保护渣自动加渣器的措施；给出了新型结晶器保护渣自动加渣器得到的实际效果。     

Li2O和B2O3对含稀土氧化物结晶器保护渣结晶相的影响

通过在结晶器保护渣中添加Li2O和B2O3作助熔剂,在实验室内模拟渣膜的形成条件,结合岩相和扫描电镜能谱分析,研究了Li2O3和B2O3对含稀土氧化物保护渣结晶矿物组成的影响.结果表明:稀土氧化物可以促进保护渣中枪晶石析出,抑制玻璃相形成,提高保护渣结晶率;当稀土氧化物含量达到一定数值,保护渣结晶矿物中可以形成稀土硅酸钙相,稀土氧化物继续增加,会有未溶稀土氧化物固态质点出现;保护渣中加入少量B2O3和Li2O作助熔剂,不仅可以促进硅灰石生成,而且能够有效抑制高熔点的枪晶石和稀土硅酸钙形成,防止渣膜形成过程中过早析出高熔点相.     

Determination of dinitrogen emission and retention in floodwater and porewater of a lowland rice field fertilized with15N-urea

This paper reports a study on the distribution of dinitrogen between the atmosphere, floodwater and porewater of the soil in a flooded rice field after addition of¹⁵N-labelled urea into the floodwater.Microplots (0.086 m²) were established in a rice field near Griffith, N.S.W., and labelled urea (80 kg N ha^–1 containing 79.25 atoms %¹⁵N) was added to the floodwater when the rice was at the panicle initiation stage. Emission of nitrous oxide and dinitrogen was measured directly during the day and overnight, using a cover collection method and gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analytical methods. Ammonia volatilization was calculated with a bulk aerodynamic method from measurements of wind speed and floodwater pH, temperature and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration. Seven days after urea application the¹⁵N₂ content of the floodwater and soil porewater was determined and total fertilizer nitrogen loss was calculated from an isotopic balance.Throughout the experimental period gas fluxes were low; nitrous oxide, ammonia and dinitrogen flux densities were less than 5, 170 and 720 g N ha^–1 d^–1, respectively. The greatest dinitrogen flux density was observed two days after urea addition and this declined to ~ 100 g ha^–1 d^–1 after seven days.The data indicate that, of the urea nitrogen added, 0.02% was lost to the atmosphere as nitrous oxide, 0.9% was lost by ammonia volatilization, and 3.6% was lost as dinitrogen gas during the 7 days of measurement. At the end of this period 0.028% and 0.002% of the added nitrogen was retained as dinitrogen gas in the floodwater and soil porewater respectively. Recovery of the¹⁵N applied as nitrogen gases, plant uptake, and soil and floodwater constituents totaled about 94% of the nitrogen added.     

Smallholders’ Soil Fertility Management in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia: Implications for Nutrient Stocks, Balances and Sustainability of Agroecosystems

Low agricultural productivity caused by soil degradation is a serious problem in the Ethiopian Highlands. Here, we report how differences in soil fertility management between farming systems, based either on enset (Ensete ventricosum) or on teff (Eragrostis tef) as the major crops, affect the extent of nutrient stocks, balances and ecosystem sustainability. We collected information on farmers’ resources and nutrient management practices from stratified randomly selected households in two watersheds in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. In addition, we collected soil samples from each land use and calculated nutrient stocks, partial and full nutrient balances (N, P and K) for one cropping season. Our results show that farmers in the two farming systems manage their soils differently and that nutrient inputs were positively related to farmers’ wealth status. The watershed with the enset-based system had higher soil N and K stocks than the watershed with the teff-based system, while P stocks were not different. Management related N?and K fluxes were more negative in the teff-based system (?28 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 and ?34 kg K ha^?1 yr^?1) than in the enset-based system (?6 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 and ?14 kg K ha^?1 yr^?1) while P fluxes were almost neutral or slightly positive. Within the enset-based system, a strong redistribution of N, P and K took place from the meadows and cereals (negative balance) to enset (positive balances). Although in the teff-based system, N, P and K were redistributed from meadows, small cereals and pulses to maize, the latter still showed a negative nutrient balance. In contrast to nutrient balances at land use level, nutrient balances at the watershed scale masked contrasting areas within the system where nutrient oversupply and deficiencies occurred.     

Growth of β-Alumina (Na2O · 11Al2O3) Single Crystals by the Flux Method

The crystal-growth process and growth conditions of β-alumina (Na₂O · Al₂O₃) were investigated using the Na₂B₄O₇-Na₃AlF₆ flux method. β-Alumina (electric fusion brick) was used as both nutrient and seed. Weight loss of the flux varied widely for various runs: ≅ 10 wt% of flux evaporated at 100 h, ≅ 17 wt% at 150 h, and 43 wt% at 600 h. When β-alumina crystal was grown, only 20 wt% Na₂B₄O₇ was added to the Na₃AlF₆ flux. The linear growth rates of the β-alumina single crystal grown by an Na₃AlF₆-20 wt% Na₂B₄O₇ flux method at 1040°C and Δ t = 18°C were ≅ 1.0 × 10⁻³ mm/h ( a face) and ≅0.3 × 10⁻³ mm/h ( c face). The β-alumina single crystals grown were bounded by only c [001] and a [100] and were colorless and transparent.     

Solidification and crystallization properties of CaO-SiO2-Na2O based mold fluxes

Crystallization properties play an important role in keeping a smooth running of continuous casting process and high sur-face quality of cast strands. To reduce fluorine pollution in slag, a new type of CaO-SiO2-Na2O (CSN) based mold flux was studied. The solidification and crystallization properties, including crystallization temperature, crystallization ratio and solidification minera-graphy, were measured, which were compared with the CaO-SiO2-CaF2 (GF) mold flux. The results show that the crystallization performance is equal to the high fluoride mold powder and CSN can be used for peritectic steel grades sensitive to longitudinal cracking in continuous casting.     

应用MODIS资料对城乡地表热通量的估算

为了揭示城市热岛形成机制,基于MODIS资料,结合自动气象站实测的气象资料,利用地表能量参数化方法估算了地表热通量,分析了城乡地表热通量的空间分布及变化特征.结果表明城乡地气热交换差异明显,与相关文献对比证明该方法是可行、有效的.