考虑风机动态特性的大扰动暂态过电压机理分析

在大容量直流和高占比新能源集中接入的电网背景下,暂态过电压问题极大地制约了直流输电能力和风电并网容量,亟须进一步深入研究考虑风机动态特性的大扰动暂态过电压机理及影响因素。文中从理论推导和仿真分析2个方面开展研究,首先推导了交直流故障后换流站和风机侧暂态电压幅值的理论计算公式;然后分析了交直流故障引发暂态过电压的机理及主要影响因素;最后结合仿真分析了风机低电压穿越期间不同有功、无功特性对暂态过电压的影响,通过实际系统算例进行了仿真验证。研究结果表明,风机低电压穿越特性将使得风电场成为换流站之外另一个导致暂态过电压的"无功源",低电压穿越期间风机有功出力越小及无功出力越大将导致暂态过电压越严重。     

风电接入比例对电力系统暂态功角稳定性影响的分析方法

随着风电在电力系统中的占比越来越大,分析系统对风电的接纳能力日益重要。针对风电接入比例对电力系统暂态功角稳定性影响的研究尚不充分,在分析双馈风电机组对系统暂态稳定性影响途径的基础上,提出一种有利于系统暂态稳定性的最佳风电接入比例分析方法。通过风电场的等效导纳模型和节点导纳矩阵的收缩处理,依据扩展等面积定则构建了含有风电接入比例参数的系统等效转子运动方程,分析了风电接入比例对系统转子运动方程中各个参数的影响,推导得到系统功角加速度与风电接入比例的函数关系,使风电接入比例对系统暂态稳定性的影响分析得以量化。在此基础上可以确定有利于系统暂态稳定性的最佳风电接入比例,为系统中风电接入情况的合理配置提供理论指导。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,对风电场不同接入比例以及不同低电压穿越方案下的系统暂态稳定性进行仿真对比分析,验证所提理论分析方法的正确性。     

Configuration and operation combinedoptimization for EV battery swappingstation considering PV consumptionbundling

Integration of electric vehicles (EVs), demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system. A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station (BSS) bundled with PV (photovoltaic) power. Optimizing the configuration and operation of BSS is the key problem to maximize benefit of this integration. The main objective of this paper is to solve infrastructure configuration of BSS. The principle challenge of such an objective is to enhance the swapping ability and save corresponding investment and operation cost under uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand. Consequently this paper mainly concentrates on combining operation optimization with optimal investment strategies for BSS considering multiscenarios PV power generation and swapping demand. A stochastic programming model is developed by using state flow method to express different states of batteries and its objective is to maximize the station’s net profit. The model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program to guarantee the efficiency and stability of the optimization. Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate that ignoring the uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand may lead to an inappropriate batteries, chargers and swapping robots configuration for BSS.     

光伏并网系统送出线路不对称故障的差动保护灵敏度研究

针对光伏并网发电系统的故障特性,分析了在并网送出线路发生不对称跌落时,比率制动特性差动保护在光伏逆变器有无无功补偿条件下的灵敏度。结果表明,在无功补偿状态下,光伏并网发电系统送出线部分的传统比率制动特性差动保护灵敏度下降。通过比较传统比率制动特性曲线的整定方式,不过原点的特性曲线在灵敏度的方面具有更大优势。在此基础上,考虑到不对称故障中零序电流受故障电阻和负荷电流影响小及低电压穿越(LVRT)期间以电网电压正序分量定向的逆变器控制策略,零序电流作为保护判据的传统比率制动式差动保护,由于不受无功补偿电流的影响且保护动作整定值较小,具有更高的灵敏度,作为光伏送出线路的保护效果更佳。通过Simulink搭建光伏并网发电系统仿真模型验证了这一结论。     

Research on optimal configuration strategyof energy storage capacity in gridconnectedmicrogrid

To coordinate the protection of PMSG (permanent magnet synchronous generator), collector circuits and outgoing lines, a comprehensive and improved protection method of PMSG based wind farms with LVRT (low voltage ride through) capability is proposed. The proposed method includes adding a short time delay to the collector network current protection zone I and a directional protective relaying to the collector network protection, installing grounding transformers and zero sequence current protection, and generator low-voltage protection action improvement. A LVRT scheme consisting of variable resistance dumping circuit, grid side dynamic reactive power control and reactive power compensation control is proposed. The fault characteristics of PMSG based wind farms are analyzed, and a PMSG based wind farm in Dabancheng, Xinjiang, is used as an example to analyze typical wind farm protection configuration, the setting values considering LVRT requirements, and the coordination problems. Finally, an improved wind farm protection coordination methodology is proposed and its validity is verified by simulation.     

风力发电机组低电压穿越测试与分析

随着风电在电力系统中的穿透率逐年上升,风力发电与电力系统之间的相互影响越来越大,电力系统对并网风力发电机组在电网故障下能不间断运行提出强制性要求。分析了直流卸荷电路的工作原理和拓扑结构,建立了直驱风电系统模型。机侧变流器采用改进的直接电流矢量控制策略,实现了发电机平稳高效运行;对网侧逆变器控制策略做了进一步改进,增强机组的低电压穿越能力。利用移动式低电压穿越检测设备对内蒙古某风场永磁直驱风电机组进行了现场测试,测试结果满足国网的风电低电压穿越运行要求。     

具有低电压穿越能力的风电机组测试故障典型实例分析

近年来,西北尤其是甘肃风力发电装机容量不断增长,大规模风电并网对电网的影响日益受到重视。低电压穿越能力是风电机组并网特性的重要考核指标之一。2011年以来国网公司西北分部和甘肃省调在酒泉千万千瓦风电基地共同组织开展了风电机组低电压穿越能力抽检验证工作,共进行33座风电场44台风电机组现场试验。通过对测试过程中遇到的风电机组脱网故障进行分析总结,找到了影响风电机组低电压穿越能力的主要因素,并结合实例对各影响因素进行分析阐述。目前,风电机组的硬件维护水平、主控制策略调整、软件设置和控制版本升级仍是影响并网风电机组低电压穿越能力的主要因素。     

Modified predictive control for both normal and LVRT operations of a Quasi-Z-Source Matrix Converter based WECS

A new Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), a Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) fed by a Quasi-Z-Source Matrix Converter (qZSMC), is proposed. At the same time, the paper proposes a Modified Predictive Control (MPC) for both normal and Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) operations of the proposed WECS. First, the qZSMC comprised of a Three-Phase Quasi-Z-Source Network (TPQZSN) and a Matrix Converter (MC) is analyzed in both time and frequency domains. The TPQZSN is modeled using state–space averaging method and its transfer functions are derived. The transfer functions are then analyzed using Bode plot, and eventually a guide to select the proper passive components of the qZSMC is rendered. A MPC is proposed to control grid-side quantities while the generator speed is controlled by shoot-through adjustment. Unlike the Traditional Predictive Control (TPC), the proposed MPC can be applied to z-source converters, while considerably reducing output current ripples. The proposed control system is further adapted to enhance LVRT capability of the proposed WECS. The performance of the proposed WECS is evaluated under both normal and abnormal working conditions, comparing it with the Traditional MC-based PMSG-WECS (TMC-WECS).     

A control scheme to enhance low voltage ride‐through of brushless doubly‐fed induction generators

The use of brushless doubly‐fed induction generator has been recently proposed for wind turbines because of its variable speed operation with fractional size converter without the need to brush and slip ring. This paper introduces a control scheme to improve low voltage ride‐through capability of doubly‐fed induction generator considering grid code requirements. The proposed control strategy is based on analysis of flux linkages and back electromotive forces and intends to retain the control‐winding current below the safety limit (typically 2 pu) during severe voltage dips. The time‐domain simulations validate effectiveness of the proposed scheme to protect the converter against failure as well as support reactive power required by German grid code. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Crowbar保护的双馈感应发电机暂态特性与参数设计

双馈风力发电系统中,Crowbar(撬棒)仍是实现低电压穿越的常用方案之一,传统的分析方法忽略了定、转子磁链间的耦合,会带来较大的分析误差并遗漏一些暂态特性。从双馈感应发电机的数学模型出发,通过分析端口电压发生对称跌落、投入Crowbar后双馈感应发电机的暂态过程,推导出了定子磁链、定子电流、转子电流的解析表达式,并在表达式的基础上分析了各暂态量的幅值和变化规律等特性。在MATLAB/Simulink中建立了双馈感应发电机的仿真模型,结果证明了表达式的准确性。从复杂的数学表达式中抽离出Crowbar阻值与暂态特性的关系,分析了不同的Crowbar阻值对于故障期间系统的功率、电磁转矩的影响,并结合转子电流峰值计算及直流母线电压钳位效应的限制,给出了一种Crowbar电阻取值方案,该方案将有助于实际工程中选取合适的Crowbar参数。