膨润土产品及制品标准化现状及发展

本文以膨润土为研究对象，结合膨润土标准化现状，阐述了膨润土在建材、工程、农业以及畜牧业等领域的应用发展。在此基础上，分析了目前国内膨润土标准和膨润土防水毯标准的详细现状，并对标准化现状存在的问题进行详细分析，最后提出建立我国膨润土标准体系的建设性意见。     

Effects of feeding bentonite clay upon ochratoxin A–induced immunosuppression in broiler chicks

A presence of mycotoxins in feed is one of the most alarming issues in the poultry feed industry. Ochratoxins, produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species, are important mycotoxin regarding the health status of poultry birds. Ochratoxins are further classified into to several subtypes (A, B, C, etc) depending on their chemical structures, but ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered the most important and toxic. Bentonite clay, belonging to phyllosilicates and formed from weathering of volcanic ashes, has adsorbent ability for several mycotoxins. The present study was designed to study the effects of bentonite clay upon OTA-induced immunosuppression in broiler chicks. For this, 480 day-old broiler chicks were procured from a local hatchery and then different combinations of OTA (0.15, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) and bentonite clay (5, 10, and 20 g/kg) were incorporated into their feed. At 13, 30, and 42 days of age, parameters such as antibody responses to sheep red blood cells, in situ lymphoproliferative responses to mitogen (PHA-P), and in situ phagocytic activity (i.e., via carbon clearance) were determined respectively. The results indicated there was a significant reduction of total antibody and immunoglobulin titres, lymphoproliferative responses, and phagocytic potential in OTA-treated birds, suggesting clear immunosuppression by OTA in birds in a dose-dependent manner. These results were also significantly lower in all combination groups (OTA with bentonite clay), suggesting few to no effects of feeding bentonite clay upon OTA- induced alterations in different immune parameters.     

壳聚糖负载改性膨润土膜的制备及其吸附性能的研究

壳聚糖和膨润土均为吸附剂,利用壳聚糖与膨润土各自的优点,将这两种吸附剂相结合,制成一种新型吸附剂-壳聚糖负载改性膨润土膜,用于吸附铜离子。根据对铜离子的吸附率大小,通过单因素试验,确定了最佳制备实验条件,m(壳聚糖)∶m(膨润土)为3∶2,反应θ为50℃,反应t为10 min。壳聚糖负载改性膨润土膜对铜离子吸附性能最佳。     

基于氯化钾和膨润土增强的新型复合粘结剂研究

以改性褐煤-泥炭、氯化钾和膨润土为粘结剂原料,用响应曲面设计安排实验。研究结果表明,当三者加入量分别为4%、20%和2%时,型煤综合性能佳;氯化钾的增强是因为过饱和的氯化钾晶体附着在煤粒和大分子粘结剂的空隙结晶,膨润土的增强是因为膨润土质点在高温脱水后的紧密附着作用。     

复合无机无卤阻燃剂改性聚氨酯泡沫及性能研究

以聚磷酸铵(APP)为主要阻燃剂,复配可膨胀石墨(EG)和膨润土作为阻燃剂和改性剂,制备了完全无机且无卤阻燃剂改性的硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)。在固定无机阻燃剂及改性剂总量的条件下,研究了膨润土和EG用量及比例对RPUF的热稳定性、阻燃性能、力学性能、泡孔结构等的影响。结果表明,随膨润土或EG含量的增大,泡沫的压缩强度先增大后减小,二者含量分别为10%和5%时压缩强度最大。EG对泡沫阻燃性能的提高有显著影响,但同时也会使泡孔孔径增大;而膨润土作为泡沫成核剂能明显减小孔径。通过热重分析表明膨润土和EG的加入能明显增强泡沫的热稳定性。当APP为泡沫总质量的15%,膨润土为5%,EG为5%时,可以制得阻燃性能、力学性能和泡沫孔径较佳平衡的阻燃泡沫材料。在该条件下,泡沫的压缩强度为0.42 MPa,泡沫平均孔径为434μm,LOI值达到29%。     

Coupled effects of saline solutions and temperature on the swelling deformation property of GMZ bentonite-sand mixtures

Based on the results of one-dimensional free swelling tests, the coupled effects of NaCl-Na₂SO₄ solutions and temperature on the swelling deformation property of compacted GMZ bentonite-sand mixtures were analyzed. The concentrations of the NaCl-Na₂SO₄ solutions were 0, 0.008, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 mol/L, the temperatures were 20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C and the sand contents were 0, 30 and 50%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were also performed to find the influences of the temperature, solution concentration and sand content on the mineral composition and microstructure. The results showed that the maximum swelling strain of the specimens increased with an elevated temperature, while it decreased with increases in the solution concentration and sand content. The swelling process was accelerated by the rising temperature. The XRD tests indicated that the combined effect of a high temperature and a high solution concentration may have caused more Na⁺ from the saline solutions to enter the interlayer, partly displacing the divalent cations. The MIP tests demonstrated that adding sand to the bentonite could reduce the amount of inter-granular pores and increase the intra-aggregate pores. These findings are advantageous to the transfer of heat and pour fluid in the specimens; and thus, the swelling deformation capacity of the bentonite-sand mixtures was higher than that of pure bentonite under the same conditions.     

高庙子膨润土及其混合材料导热性能研究

导热性能是高放废物地质处置库缓冲/回填材料的重要性能之一。采用瞬变平面热源法,研究了我国高放废物地质处置首选缓冲/回填材料高庙子膨润土,及以其为主料,添加不同含量石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑组成的混合材料的导热性能。分析了添加剂种类和含量、干密度、饱和度等因素对导热系数的影响。研究结果表明:高庙子膨润土及其混合材料的导热系数、热扩散系数都随干密度和含水量的增大而增大;石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑能够不同程度提高膨润土的导热系数,石英砂的作用优于北山花岗岩碎屑;饱和度对添加剂发挥其提高缓冲/回填材料导热性能的作用影响明显,饱和度越高,添加剂的作用越显著。     

膨润土土工合成材料的研究

将所合成的相对分子质量约为3~4万的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)与甲醛反应使之羟甲基化,然后将羟甲基化聚丙烯酰胺和单体丙烯酰胺(AM)脱水缩合,得到产物改性聚丙烯酰胺.适宜的反应物摩尔比n(PAM)∶n(甲醛)∶n(AM)=1∶0.6∶0.6,羟甲基化转化率可达99%以上,丙烯酰胺转化率可达93%以上.改性聚丙烯酰胺以过硫酸铵为引发剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂在室温下发生交联反应.其优点是交联速度快、聚合放热温度低、在侧链发生交联反应、抗水解能力强,吸水膨胀倍数与膨润土相当.将改性聚丙烯酰胺与膨润土混合(其中膨润土质量约占70%)制成的膨润土土工合成材料,其体积膨胀率为190%,基本达到我国建筑行业标准实用要求.该产品经久耐用,为土工合成材料的制备技术探索了一条新路.     

高放核废物地质处置中工程屏障研究新进展

中国对该课题的研究始于1985年，但是长期以来未能引起足够的关注，相关研究项目也非常有限。近年来，随着中国经济的快速增长，能源短缺问题越来越严重，发展和利用核能己作为一种主要的解决方案，因此核废物的安全处置则成为现实的重要课题。中国在利用膨润土作为工程隔绝材料方面的研究工作，主要限于选择合适的膨润土，而高庙子膨润士作为最终选择的缓冲材料，其基本物理-化学特性已得到确定，但有关热-水-力耦合的试验尚未开展，相关课题的研究也尚需努力。鉴于国际上已对多种其他备选膨润土进行过大量研究，有关成果可望用于指导即将在中国进行的高庙子膨润土试验研究。此文的主要目的就是为中国核废物的地质处置研究提供一些有益的经验。首先，介绍使用基于膨润土的工程隔绝核废物地质处置方法，这一方法已为广泛接受；然后，介绍膨润土的选择标准，地质-化学特性、热-水-力性态（包括微观结构、宏观性态、接缝性态和数值分析），以及在放射性废物处置过程中产生的气体对工程隔绝层的影响等，通过不同实例来展示试验原理和主要结果；最后，对近期国内外研究成果和未来发展前景进行总结。