原料中正丁烷组分对烷基化装置设计的影响

烷基化装置原料中的正丁烷组分作为烷基化反应的惰性组分,在装置设计中并不是我们重点关注的对象;但其在原料中浓度的高低,会影响烷基化油产品的收率和产品质量,同时对装置分馏部分设计有着较大的影响,通过对原料中正丁烷组分含量的分析,有助于我们在前期设计阶段更准确的估算装置分馏系统的设备规格及装置消耗。     

正丁烷氧化制顺酐催化剂的制备及其催化性能

采用有机相法制备了具有优异催化性能的正丁烷氧化制顺酐钒磷氧(VPO)催化剂。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、氮气吸附脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热重分析(TG)等方法对催化剂的制备过程进行了研究,分析了催化剂在整个制备过程中物相、价态、形貌和比表面积的变化。在固定床反应器上对正丁烷氧化制顺酐的反应条件进行研究,考察了反应温度、正丁烷浓度和反应空速等条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂前驱体的主要物相为VOHPO4·0.5H2O。经活化后的催化剂活性相包括(VO)2P2O7(V4+)、VOPO4(V5+)和钒磷云母相(V4+和V5+混合相)。催化剂呈规则的片层结构,具有较高的比表面积,可以达到24.08 m2/g。催化剂在制备过程中需要经过干燥、焙烧和气氛活化,对催化剂的形成具有至关重要的作用。最佳的反应条件:反应温度为395℃,正丁烷摩尔分数为1.4%~1.5%,反应空速为2 000 h-1,此时正丁烷转化率为85%~87%,顺酐收率可达到59%~60%。     

正丁烷气相着火的骨架反应机理模型

为了研究正丁烷催化着火过程中气相反应与表面反应的相互作用，需要建立一个能够与表面催化反应机理耦合且规模较小的正丁烷着火动力学机理模型。通过反应途径分析和灵敏度分析相结合的方法，构建了包含80个组分和378个基元反应的气相动力学机理。通过与详细机理进行对比，该简化机理在压力1 MPa、计量比1、初始温度700 K条件下燃料和氧气的消耗速率、温度以及主要产物（H₂O和CO₂）的分布等保持一致。同时，在较宽的压力（0.1、1、2、3 MPa）、计量比（0.5、1、2）和温度（650～1450 K）范围内与详细机理计算的着火延迟时间具有很好的一致性，体现了简化机理的准确性。     

Characteristics of hydrogen-assisted catalytic ignition of n-butane/air mixtures

External heating and hydrogen-assisted catalytic ignition characteristics of n-butane (n-C₄H₁₀) were studied experimentally in a Pt-coated monolith catalytic reactor. Special attention was paid to the chemical effect of hydrogen on hydrogen-assisted ignition. A comparison of the ignition temperature for these two ignition methods shows hydrogen can lower ignition temperature. Furthermore, the ignition experiment at low hydrogen mole fraction (1.5%) shows that hydrogen has a positive chemical effect on hydrogen-assisted ignition. At constant n-butane/air flow and within certain limits of hydrogen mole fraction of mixtures, the ignition temperature changes little, whereas the time required for ignition and the cumulative amount of hydrogen decrease substantially. Consequently, high hydrogen mole fraction is favorable to hydrogen-assisted ignition. Two startup methods and thermal insulation are discussed. The co-feed method (n-butane/air/hydrogen mixtures are fed into reactor) and thermal insulation were found to be beneficial to hydrogen-assisted ignition.     

正丁烷及丁烯-1在不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛上吸附的实验与模型

Four ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts with different Si/Al ratios for the catalytic cracking of C4 fractions to produce ethylene and propylene were prepared in this study.First,the adsorption isotherms of pure n-butane and butene-1 and their mixtures on these catalysts at 300K and p=0—100kPa were measured using the intelligent gravimetric analyzer.The experimental results indicate that the presence of Al can significantly affect the adsorption of butene-1 than that of n-butane on ZSM-5 zeolites.Then,the double Langmuir（DL）model was applied to study the pure gas adsorption on ZSM-5 zeolites for pure n-butane and butene-1.By combining the DL model with the ideal adsorbed solution theory（IAST）,the IAST-DL model was applied to model the butene-1（1）/n-butane（2）binary mixture adsorption on ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios.The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data,indicating that the IAST-DL model is effective for the present systems.Finally,the adsorption over a wide range of variables was predicted at low pressure and 300K by the model proposed.It is found that the selectivity of butene-1 over n-butane increases linearly with the decrease of Si/Al ratio.A correlation between the selectivity and Si/Al ratio of the sample was proposed at 300K and p=0.08MPa.     

在VPO催化剂上丁烷选择氧化的质谱研究

The selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride(MA) on a vanadium-phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalyst was studied using on-line gas-chromatography combined with mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and transient response technique.The reaction intermediates,butene and furan,were found in the reaction effuent under near industrial feed condition (3% butane 15% O2),while dihydrofuran was detected at high butane concentration (12% butane,5%O2).Some intermediates of MA decomposition were also identified.Detection of these intermediates shows that the vanadium phosphorus oxides are able to dehydrogenate butane to butene,and butene further to form MA.Based on these observations,a modified scheme of reaction network is proposed.The transient experiments show that butane in the gas phase may directly react with oxygen both on the surface and from the metal oxide lattice,without a proceeding adsorption step.Gas phase oxygen can be adsorbed and transformed to surface lattice oxygen but it can not participate in selective oxidation.Adsorbed oxygen leads to deep oxidation,while lattice oxygen leads to selective oxidation.     

兰州石化公司2万t/a正丁烷氧化法制顺丁烯二酸酐装置工艺流程及特点

介绍了中国石油兰州石化分公司新建2万t/a正丁烷氧化法制顺丁烯二酸酐(简称顺酐)装置的工艺流程、工艺特点、产品规格、技术经济水平等情况。溶剂吸收和产品精制采用美国Huntsm an公司技术,反应器为列管式固定床,后处理回收率为99%,原料单耗[m(正丁烷)/m(顺酐)]为1.2。溶剂单耗[m(溶剂)/m(顺酐)]仅为5~8 kg/t。     

正丁烷异构化制异丁烷反应热力学分析及试验研究

在分析正丁烷异构化制异丁烷反应特点的基础上,通过系统的热力学计算,获得了不同反应温度下目标反应的标准摩尔焓变、标准摩尔吉布斯自由能变、标准平衡常数及正丁烷平衡转化率,并以Pt/Al₂O₃-Cl为催化剂进行了正丁烷异构化反应试验研究。结果表明,正丁烷异构化属微放热反应,降低反应温度可提高正丁烷的平衡转化率;对于Pt/Al₂O₃-Cl催化正丁烷异构化反应,反应温度、反应压力、正丁烷进料空速和氢/烃摩尔比均对正丁烷转化率有较明显的影响,选择合适的反应温度和压力,并适当降低进料空速和氢/烃摩尔比,有利于提高正丁烷转化率;在优化的反应条件下,正丁烷的试验转化率与热力学平衡转化率基本吻合,验证了热力学分析结果的可靠性。     

正丁烷选择氧化制顺酐钒磷氧化物催化剂的研究进展

综述了正丁烷选择氧化制顺酐钒磷氧化物(VPO)催化剂的研究进展。介绍了在催化剂前体制备过程中添加助剂以及负载 VPO 对 VPO 催化剂微观结构和性能的影响,分析了 VPO 催化剂的物相组成及各物相在催化反应中的作用,讨论了正丁烷选择氧化制顺酐的反应机理,指出采用活性位理论指导 VPO 催化剂的研制、提高活性化数量、增加可逆储氧量是未来 VPO 催化剂研究的发展方向。