Infrared heat treatment of Ti-6Al-4V with electroplated Cu

The objective of this study is to investigate an innovative infrared (IR) technique to enhance adhesion of electroplated copper (Cu) on Ti-6Al-4V without dichromate dipping. The ultimate goal is to develop a Cu coating process on Ti-6Al-4V without hazardous hexavalent chromium (Cr) solution treatments. Cu coatings of around 50 μm were electroplated on Ti-6Al-4V specimens at a current density of 0.03 A/cm² in an acidic Cu solution. To improve adhesion of coatings, IR heat treatments were performed on the Cu-coated samples at different temperatures and durations: 860 °C for 600 s and 875 °C for 20–120 s. This process was accomplished in an attempt to replace the use of dichromate dipping before electroplating. For samples heat treated at 860 °C, no bonding existed, even after 600 s. It is believed that solid-state diffusion prevailed at 860 °C and that 600 s was not enough for sufficient diffusion to occur. Adhesion was poor when samples were heat treated at 875 °C for 20 s. Excellent adhesion was observed when the heat treatment holding time was increased to 40 s. For 90 s, the surface appearance of coatings partially changed from Cu-colored to a grayish color. There was no Cu left on the surface after a 120 s heat treatment. From optical microscopic observations on sample cross sections, an interlayer between the Cu and Ti-6Al-4V formed when heat treated at 875 °C for 40 s and longer. The interlayer thickness increased as the holding time increased, until depletion of Cu. The sheet resistivity of coated specimens was on the order of pure Cu for samples heat treated at 875 °C and less than 90 s. During the 875 °C heat treatment, the following occurred: solid-state diffusion of Cu in Ti-6Al-4V, formation of eutectic solutions, dissolution of Cu and Ti-6Al-4V into the liquid phase, and the formation of intermetallic compounds. The lowest eutectic temperature of 875 °C played a key role in this innovative process of Cu coating on Ti-6Al-4V. This paper was presented at the 2nd International Surface Engineering Congress sponsored by ASM International, on September 15–17, 2003, in Indianapolis, Indiana and appears on pp. 403–10 of the Proceedings.     

ZTC4筒形件温成形扩口数值模拟

对铸造Ti-6Al-4V筒形件温成形扩口成形工艺进行了数值模拟分析,得出了优化的工艺参数,并对凸模锥角进行了优化模拟,得出了合适的锥角。     

Microstructure developed in the surface layer of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after sliding wear in vacuum

Microstructural changes in the surface layer of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after sliding wear in vacuum have been studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The wear rates of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in vacuum were measured under different sliding velocities and loads. The experimental results showed that a severely deformed layer with a grain size of 50–100 nm and thickness about 70 μm was formed underneath the worn surface. Under the slower sliding velocities, the substructure of the layer had a high dislocation density, while under higher sliding velocities, twins were found to exist in the substructure. A process by which the deformed layer formed has been proposed and the deformation of materials at the contacting spots of the Ti-6Al-4V sample is discussed.     

Effects of temperature and current density on the surface hardness and tribological properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by molten salt carburization

Surface hardening of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was achieved by carburization in a molten salt bath containing BaCO₃ as the carbon-yielding agent with electrolysis within the temperature range 790–930°C. The hardness of the total carburizing layer (TCD) is influenced by the bath temperature, the applied current density and the carburizing period. The major hardening effect is considered to be the formation of a solid solution of carbon in -Ti. The oxide film wrapping at the outermost surface of cathodically charged specimens, identified to be mainly BaTiO₃, was formed irrespective of the bath temperature during the quenching process and has no effect on the surface hardening. The optimal carburizing parameters obtained in this study for surface hardening are carburizing at 930±10°C (bath temperature) and 0.3 A/Cm² (applied current density) for 90 min (carburizing period), while those for tribological properties improvement are carburizing at 860±5°C and 0.3 A/Cm² for 90 min.     

固溶温度对Ti-5Mo-5V-2Cr-3Al钛合金棒材组织和性能的影响规律

研究了固溶温度对Ti-5Mo-5V-2Cr-3Al钛合金棒材显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,钛合金固溶处理温度在相变点以下,空冷后,显微组织由β相、初生α相以及次生α相组成。随着固溶温度的升高,显微组织中β相晶粒尺寸增大,晶界α相厚度减小,产生有序化现象,而次生α相数量和尺寸减小,使合金的强度降低,塑性升高,但固溶处理温度为800℃时,网状晶界α相使塑性迅速下降;当固溶处理温度在相变点以上,Ti-5Mo-5V-2Cr-3Al钛合金重新形核并长大,随着固溶温度的升高,β相晶粒尺寸增大,初生α相数量减少,强度和塑性都下降,过冷β相晶粒发生应力诱发马氏体现象。     

航天钛合金紧固件的制造和性能

介绍了Ti-22钛合金紧固件的冷镦成形和机械性能。重点介绍了冷镦成形的工艺方案、坯料尺寸、模具设计以及质量的影响因素。特别对钛合金冷镦最易发生的头部45°开裂的原因进行了分析。实验表明,介绍的工艺方案比较完善,工序简单,可行性强,能较好地解决Ti-22合金冷镦成形问题,对某些难镦锻材料也有实际参考价值。     

热暴露对SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料热膨胀行为的影响

研究了热暴露对SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料热膨胀行为的影响。对基体合金、制备态复合材料、经900 ℃热暴露10, 25及75 h的复合材料的热膨胀行为进行了实验测量。结果表明,无论纵向和横向,热暴露的复合材料其热膨胀系数均高于制备态复合材料。且无论纵向和横向,经900 ℃热暴露10和75 h的复合材料热膨胀系数均高于经900 ℃热暴露25 h的复合材料。这是因为经900 ℃热暴露25 h的复合材料拥有较为合适的界面反应。另外,在对复合材料纵向热膨胀系数进行预测时,因为Schapery模型在整个加热过程中都考虑了热拉伸残余应力对复合材料热膨胀系数的影响,因此在CTE曲线的高温阶段,预测值低于实验值     

脉冲电流对Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

采用组织观察、性能检测、断口分析等方法研究了脉冲电流对Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,脉冲电流使试样瞬间急速升温、产生较高的热压应力,并发生α→β相变,随后试样快速降温冷却发生β→α′相变。由于急速升温和快速冷却,新相的形核率增加且无充足时间长大,使合金的显微组织细化,而相变和组织细化导致了合金力学性能提高和电阻率变化。适当优化电脉冲处理工艺参数可使Ti-6Al-4V合金的综合力学性能明显提高。通过测量电阻变化可间接表征电脉冲处理后材料微观组织结构的变化程度。     

Ti-6-22-22S合金步进轧制工艺加工棒材研究

采用步进轧制工艺制备了Ti-6-22-22S合金Ф50mm棒材,对加工、热处理、组织与性能的关系进行了分析。结果表明：在两相区上部温度960℃轧制获得细网篮组织,棒材性能较好且数据均匀;热处理后,得到双态组织,强度．塑性达到优良组合,而片层状组织强度较高,但塑性稍低。