Analysis of the physical properties of an in-vessel composting matrix

Efficient compost production requires a thorough understanding of the process dynamics in terms of the feedstock materials used and the interactions of the physical properties involved. The main properties affecting the composting process are temperature, moisture content, bulk density, porosity and oxygen availability. In this study, the correlations between a selected set of physical properties of a batch-composting matrix were determined. The key physical changes in the composting materials for a blend of woodchips, chicken manure and mixed green vegetables have been monitored during a 36-day composting period in a 200-L rotary drum. The daily measurements conducted on the solid samples included temperature, pH, volatile solids, bulk density, moisture content, free airspace and substrates particle density while the carbon dioxide release was monitored weekly using jar respiration tests. The results from the compost process monitoring were a maximum temperature rise to 66.3 °C over the first 3 days, a marked decrease in free airspace from 76.3% to 40.0% at the end of the process, a variation in average composting material particle density from 1097 kg/m³ to 2325 kg/m³, and an increase in wet bulk density from 255 kg/m³ to 628 kg/m³. Correlations developed among free airspace, wet bulk density, dry bulk density and wet moisture content were in agreement with previously determined equations from literature. Free airspace varied linearly with both dry and wet bulk densities (R² value of 0.89 and 0.95, respectively) while the free airspace-wet moisture content profile followed a fourth degree polynomial trend with a correlation coefficient of 0.63.     

Evaluation of methods of measurement of nitrogen in poultry and animal manures

Kjeldahl nitrogen (N), total N and forms of inorganic N (ammoniacal (NH₄)-N, nitrate (NO₃)-N and nitrite (NO₂)-N) were measured in a range of animal manures. The manures include fresh samples of poultry manure, sheep manure, horse manure, dairy slurry and pig slurry and composted poultry manure. Kjeldahl N was measured by standard micro-Kjeldahl digestion. For total N measurements, NO₃-N and NO₂-N were recovered during Kjeldahl digestion by pretreatments with various oxidizing and reducing agents. Inorganic forms of N were measured by extraction with 2M KCl solution.Kjeldahl digestion alone allowed measurement only of organic N and NH₄-N. Amongst various modifications to the Kjeldahl, pretreatment with either acidified (H₂SO₄) Zn-CrK(SO₄)₂ or acidified (H₂SO₄) reduced Fe achieved complete recovery of NO₃-N. Nitrite N was only recovered by first oxidising the NO ₂ ^- to NO ₃ ^- with KMnO₄ followed by reduction to NH₄-N with acidified (H₂SO₄) reduced Fe.More than 95% of the total N in fresh animal manure was present as organic N and NH₄-N which were recovered by the standard Kjeldahl digestion. In the case of fresh manures there was no difference between the amount of total N measured by the Kjeldahl digestion and its modified methods. However composting of poultry manure or drying of poultry manure, pig slurry and dairy slurry resulted in an increase in NO₃-N which was not recovered during Kjeldahl digestion alone. Under these conditions the total N could be measured by pretreating the samples with KMnO₄ and reduced Fe prior to Kjeldahl digestion.Drying of animal manures caused a decrease in organic N and NH₄-N, especially in poultry, pig and dairy manures. There was a slight increase in NO₃-N; but most of the decrease in N content with drying was attributed to the volatilization loss of ammonia (NH₃). Amongst various drying methods examined air drying caused maximum loss of N as NH₃ whereas freeze drying caused minimum loss of N. This suggests that fresh animal manures can be freeze dried for analysis of N which causes minimum loss of N.     

仓式静态连续好氧堆肥发酵工艺的水气研究

采用仓式静态连续好氧堆肥发酵工艺,通过建立水平衡体系,系统地研究了水分对整个发酵工艺的影响,得出了仓式静态连续好氧堆肥发酵具有工艺简便,热交换快,水气蒸发量大等特点;好氧堆肥发酵过程中发酵温度保持在65℃左右,含水量控制在45%～55%有利于有机物降解,垃圾堆肥可在40～50d腐熟;静态连续好氧一次堆肥发酵物料的含水量需控制在35%以下,机械自动分选(类)筛分效率高,筛分率在90%～95%,垃圾减容在50%～60%.二次堆肥发酵物料的含水量需控制在25%～30%,机械除杂(碎石、碎玻璃等)效果好,有机肥中杂质含量低于0.8%.静态好氧二次堆肥发酵可以用垃圾渗沥水补充水分,达到资源循环再利用,可实现污水零排放.     

城市污泥混合青霉素菌渣堆肥实验

为分析抗生素残留对菌渣堆肥过程的影响,以青霉素菌渣、市政脱水污泥和木屑为原料,研究好氧堆肥过程温度、碳素、氮素等理化参数的变化及青霉素的降解情况. 首先通过0.4 m³的大堆体研究菌渣好氧堆肥的可行性,然后通过5个6 L的小堆体详细研究菌渣污泥混合堆肥过程. 结果表明：菌渣污泥混合堆肥升温效果优于对照的单纯污泥. 堆肥菌渣质量分数与堆肥物料总有机碳（TOC）质量分数成正比,堆体的TOC质量分数随堆肥时间不断下降且趋于稳定,菌渣残留的青霉素未影响堆肥过程TOC的变化趋势. 投加菌渣增加了堆体的水溶性有机碳（WSOC）质量分数,生物可利用碳源的增加促进了堆肥过程微生物的转化作用,有助于堆肥过程温度的升高. 添加菌渣有助于减少堆肥原料中的氮素损失,且在第5天已检测不到菌渣中的抗生素残留. 可以通过混合堆肥实现菌渣的资源化利用及药物残留的分解.     

好氧堆肥化中堆体理论供氧模式

生活垃圾与粪便好氧堆肥过程中,满足微生物对氧的需求是必要的,因此,供氧量和供氧模式的研究具有重要的意义.通过分析堆肥体系的热力学性质,建立堆体的热平衡方程,得出1 m3好氧堆体理论供气量为0.166 m3/m in.同时,在外界供氧和微生物耗氧的基础上,建立系统动态供氧的理论模型,得出理论供氧方程和耗氧方程.并通过这两个方程建立好氧堆体的理论供氧模式,即连续供气14 m in后停止供气11 m in.最后通过1 m3堆体在不同供氧方式下,温度变化的实验结果,证明理论供氧模式的合理性.     

竹醋酸在猪粪堆肥中的保氮作用

畜牧业发展带来的环境问题越来越引起社会的关注,堆肥作为传统的工艺被广泛的用来处理畜牧业废弃物,而在传统的堆肥过程中氮素的损失比较严重,因而在堆肥中要尽可能的保存氮素,提高堆肥的质量,增加农用价值。本实验以稻草秸杆、锯末和猪粪为原料,以竹醋酸为添加剂进行静态好氧堆肥实验,分析堆肥过程中总氮、有机氮、氨氮和硝氮等的变化情况,比较不同浓度的竹醋酸对堆肥过程中减少氮损失的作用.对腐熟后堆肥的分析表明,适宜的竹醋酸浓度可以促进微生物的活性;跟空白堆体相比,堆肥物料在1∶2000、1∶1500和1∶1000浓度的竹醋酸作用下,氮素损失分别减少12.5%、10.1%和11.9%,说明其具有一定的保氮作用.     

城市生活垃圾处理的可持续性发展

人类进入21世纪后，面临社会、经济、环境等诸多问题，可持续发展已成为人类的必然选择。文中对城市生活垃圾现状及卫生填埋、堆肥、焚烧等处理方法的优缺点进行了阐述，指出必须对垃圾进行减量化、无害化、资源化处理，为我国21世纪的可持续发展打下良好的基础。     

沈阳市污水处理厂1000t/d污泥处理工程设计

沈阳市污水处理厂污泥处理工程是目前世界上已投入运行的处理规模最大的机械化槽式污泥堆肥项目,介绍了项目工艺流程及设计情况(物料衡算、单体工艺参数、主要设备等),总结了项目设计特点,并分析了项目运行效果,最后得到结论:对于超大型污泥处理项目,堆肥仍可视为有效处理方法之一;规模的扩大不应以牺牲环境质量为代价,除臭仍应受到充分重视;机械化程度的提高对于规模化堆肥技术的推广具有现实意义;该项目堆肥成品含水率为35％,严于国家标准,但并未引起运行成本升高,对于采用返混为主的堆肥系统是一个有益的借鉴;在本土化基础上的国际合作是探索适合中国国情污泥处理处置道路的理想选择.     

Coastal environment: EC‐cost 48 bioconversion projects and economic aspects

Seaweed has proved to be both a potential resource and a problem for coastal areas. In the framework of the European Communities, a scientific commission was created some 8 years ago, in order to address the matter of seaweed bioconversion in Europe. A book, recently published, represents a fair review and survey of seaweed as a resource in Europe. The matter of seaweed problems and expanded use is now under study in a new programme.

This paper traces back the development and growth of this inter‐European effort and also provides an overview of achievements.