Oxygenated VOCs,aqueous chemistry,and potential impacts on residential indoor air composition

Dampness affects a substantial percentage of homes and is associated with increased risk of respiratory ailments; yet, the effects of dampness on indoor chemistry are largely unknown. We hypothesize that the presence of water‐soluble gases and their aqueous processing alters the chemical composition of indoor air and thereby affects inhalation and dermal exposures in damp homes. Herein, we use the existing literature and new measurements to examine the plausibility of this hypothesis, summarize existing evidence, and identify key knowledge gaps. While measurements of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are abundant, measurements of water‐soluble organic gases (WSOGs) are not. We found that concentrations of total WSOGs were, on average, 15 times higher inside homes than immediately outside (N = 13). We provide insights into WSOG compounds likely to be present indoors using peer‐reviewed literature and insights from atmospheric chemistry. Finally, we discuss types of aqueous chemistry that may occur on indoor surfaces and speculate how this chemistry could affect indoor exposures. Liquid water quantities, identities of water‐soluble compounds, the dominant chemistry, and fate of aqueous products are poorly understood. These limitations hamper our ability to determine the effects of aqueous indoor chemistry on dermal and inhalation exposures in damp homes.     

冶金设备基础大体积混凝土施工技术与实践

从浇筑方案的确定及实施、温控技术措施、构造措施、保温保湿养护等方面介绍了环形炉大体积混凝土的施工技术 ,阐述了其测温控制及应力分析 ,指出大体积混凝土施工的关键是控制裂缝的发生     

冷库围护结构隔气防潮

结合隔气防潮的意义，从材料、措施、施工注意事项及防潮层的质量控制等方面介绍了冷库围护结构隔气防潮，指出必须从设计、施工等各个环节层层把关，才能保证隔气防潮的作用，达到库房围护结构的要求。     

川渝地区夯土民居架空地面防潮设计

川渝传统民居中利用通风架空地面防潮、改善室内环境是一种较为常见的做法,但通风架空必须有保证空气流通的孔洞、从而带来立面处理和防鼠、蛇等一系列问题。本文以空气间层的隔热、防潮原理为基础,结合川渝地区夯土民居的自身特点,提出了一种封闭空气间层的架空地面构造做法,对传统节能技术进行继承与改良。数值模拟结果表明,架空地面的内表面温度比普通地面的内表面温度高2℃左右,室内热环境得到了较大改善。     

The impact of alkali elements on the degradation of CIGS solar cells

Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells with high and low contents of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were simultaneously exposed to damp heat and illumination. The solar cells with a high alkali (Na, K) content exhibited higher initial conversion efficiencies, but degraded severely within 100 h, while the alkali poor samples kept relatively stable performance under damp heat and illumination. The degradation of the samples with a high alkali content resulted in the formation of sodium rich spots on the top ZnO:Al surface of the samples. This is likely caused by light‐induced Na⁺ migration via the grain boundaries in the absorber to the depletion region, where the Na⁺ accumulated. This allowed subsequent Na⁺ transport through the depletion region due to the lowering of the internal electric field caused both by the Na⁺ accumulation and illumination. The migration resulted in the formation of shunt paths, which reduced the shunt resistance and open circuit voltage. Furthermore, ingression of water into the ZnO:Al is expected to be responsible for a slow but steady increase in series resistance for both high and low alkali solar cells. Additionally, sodium migration led to a severe increase of the series resistance in case of alkali rich samples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Failure analysis of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 photovoltaic modules: degradation mechanism of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells under harsh environmental conditions

High‐temperature‐induced and humidity‐induced degradation behaviors were investigated through the failure analysis of encapsulated Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) modules and non‐encapsulated CIGS cells. After being exposed to high temperature (85 °C) for 1000 h, the efficiency loss of CIGS modules and the resistivities of the aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) layer, CIGS layer, and Mo layer were slightly increased. After damp heat (DH) testing (85 °C/85% RH), the efficiency of some modules decreased significantly accompanied by discoloration, and in these areas, the resistivity of the AZO layers increased markedly. The causes of degradation of CIGS cells after high temperature and DH tests were suggested through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The high‐temperature‐induced degradation behaviors were revealed to be increases in series resistance of the CIGS cells, due to the adsorption of oxygen on the AZO, CIGS, and Mo layers. The degradation behavior after DH (85 °C/85% RH) exposure was caused by the adsorption of oxygen, as well as the generation of Zn(OH)₂ due to water molecules. In particular, the humidity‐induced degradation behavior in discolored CIGS modules was ascribed to the generation of Zn(OH)₂ and carboxylic acids in the AZO layer, due to a chemical reaction between the AZO, ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer, and water. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于工控机的自感式电磁阻尼器试验台架的研究

应用工控机研制出自感式电磁阻尼器的试验台架。该系统用工控机(IPC)作控制计算机,用MCGS组态软件作实时测控软件,对系统在控制和不控制的情况下进行实时监测,得到了理想的振动曲线。试验结果得出该系统具有良好的发展前景。     

煤矿救灾机器人研究现状及需要重点解决的技术问题

讨论了近年来我国煤矿生产中发生的安全事故和造成的人员伤亡情况,阐述了研发煤矿救灾机器人的重要性和紧迫性,综述了国内外矿井救灾机器人的研究现状,指出了煤矿救灾机器人的研究思路和需要解决的技术问题。     

弹性预张及复合阻尼系统防治导线风偏及振动

风载作用于导线,易造成导线风偏和振动,危及输电线路安全。此文提出的弹性预张及复合阻尼系统是一种直接加挂在导线上的设备,通过改变导线的安装状态、张力特点,利用阻尼和缓冲吸收冲击和振动能量,从风偏缓释导线长度和及时吸收风载能量两方面来防治导线风偏及振动,大范围降低风载对输电线路的危害。     

阳离子淀粉制备研究现状及应用

根据阳离子淀粉的生产原理,分析了国内外制备研究的进展,包括:干法制备、半干法制备和湿法制备。探讨了阳离子淀粉的发展动态和应用前景。