江西省水系连通及水美乡村建设试点县实施方案编制存在的问题及对策

为提高水系连通及水美乡村建设试点县实施方案编制质量，更好地参加全国竞争性立项，本文分析研究了江西省55个水系连通及水美乡村建设试点县实施方案和相应的专家评审意见，对实施方案编制过程中存在的符合性、完整性不够，实施范围情况调查不准等七个方面突出问题进行梳理剖析，并提出相应对策，可为实施方案编制提供参考。     

Sustainability impact assessment for local energy supplies' development – The case of the alpine area of Lake Como,Italy

The development of distributed energy systems has important environmental, social and economic implications. Local decision-making processes must be guided by a careful evaluation of the sustainability of production chains and alternative choices. The aim of this study is to explore if and how an integrated assessment can quantify the extent to which bioenergy supply chain development contributes to rural development and energy policy objectives. We applied a Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) for local bioenergy development in the alpine area of Lake Como (Italy). We modeled the local bioenergy chain in 2008 and eleven scenarios considering different biomass utilizations, mechanization levels, combustion technologies, and subsidies schemes at 2020. We calculated economic, social and environmental indicators. We interpret and discuss the scenario analysis in order to support the bioenergy planning under the light of its implications for the different policy aims and concerns.     

Using contingent behavior analysis to measure benefits from rural electrification in developing countries: an example from Rwanda

Hundreds of millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa do not have access to electricity and will not receive it from national grids in the next few decades. Electricity makes up an important component of rural development and so increasing access can have positive socioeconomic benefits. In this study, we use contingent behavior analysis to quantify the potential benefits of electricity in rural Rwandan villages which currently do not have electricity. The proposed method allows for calculation of net benefits as well as electricity bills. We find that even relatively poor, isolated households would pay for electricity, though amounts vary across households and this affects the financial viability of electrification. Common uses for electricity include lighting, battery charging, and agricultural processing. Despite heterogeneity, opportunities exist to improve rural economic welfare through increased electricity access.     

Secure and reliable data communication in developing regions and rural areas

Nowadays, despite the ever increasing need of people for staying “connected” at any time and everywhere, in many areas of the world data connection is extremely expensive or even absent. The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) network virtually covers all the populated areas of the world and on average, the entire world population have a handheld device capable of accessing at least the GSM services. Therefore, it makes sense to consider the Short Message Service (SMS) as the most popular wireless data service for such devices. In this work, we exploit the SMS as mechanism for data transfer, especially in scenarios where there is no other network coverage than GSM, such as in rural areas and developing regions. In particular, we propose a framework, based on the SMS as transport facility, which enables secure end-to-end data communication in a ubiquitous and pervasive manner. Moreover, we investigated how, by using compression techniques, the overall processing and transmission efforts needed for secure data communication can be effectively reduced, with the obvious consequences also in terms of energy consumption on the involved devices. Finally, we successfully tested the effectiveness of the proposed framework within the context of a proof of concept implementation.     

Determinant factors of individuals’ decision to emigrate in rural Spain: The role of ICT-based public policies

Depopulation is a dramatic problem in rural inland Spain. The present study draws on a survey administered to inhabitants of rural areas to analyse the factors influencing the decision to emigrate to larger centres of population, with a special focus on the impact of ICT-based public policies. The findings show that size of municipality, age and education affect the intention to emigrate. It is found that the digital divide in terms of quality of ICT access has not, in many cases, been overcome, having an effect on citizen satisfaction. To guide public actions, we identify population profiles depending on both level of satisfaction with ICT development and preference towards specific ICT-related public policy measures intended to combat depopulation. We also find that most individuals continue to think that improving investment in ICT infrastructures should be a priority of public policy, compared to more advanced measures such as bolstering e-government.     

乡村振兴语境下陇中地区生土建筑的保护与更新策略 ——以甘肃省定西市通渭县为例

近年来快速城镇化过程中，西北乡 村建设与地域文化发展出现了种种问题。 在乡村振兴战略的背景下，如何在复杂的城 乡系统中找到合适的切入点打通症结，解决 文化、空间、生态多系统的“乡村病”值得深 思。本文针对乡村发展的现实问题，以当地 普遍建设的生土建筑为切入点，以生态宜居 建设与地域文化传承为目标，提出一系列相 关保护与更新策略，并以定西市通渭县为例 探讨。策略包括在提炼当地传统民居生态特 性的基础上，以工程技术手段优化生土建筑 的材料性能与建筑结构，扩大生态与社会可 持续效益；凝练生土建筑文化特性为设计建 设基础，以技术研究、绿色教育与艺术活动 激活文化内生动力，并完善法规规范支持地 域文化传承。实现将生土建筑发展成果有策 略地整合，为西北乡村振兴实践提供参考。     

政府主导下的农村交通基础设施建设模式及其借鉴——韩国新农村运动道路交通建设考察

始于1970年的韩国“新农村运动”,通过一系列实实在在的项目开发和建设工程,在增加农民收入、改善农村面貌、缩小城乡工农差距等方面作了探索并取得成功。虽然韩国新农村运动的发展背景、发展模式与当前上海新农村建设有一定的差别,但是其在城镇规划体系、建管机制、综合交通管理等方面依然对上海的新农村建设有一定的指导作用。     

河南省社会主义新农村住宅示范图电气设计

由于目前农村TT、TN两种供电系统并存,河南省社会主义新农村住宅示范图电气设计,总结出一张图纸两种供电系统兼用的表示方法。两种系统接地之别在户外电度表箱处区别处理,出线后则完全相同,均设两级剩余电流保护装置、实施总等电位联结。电气、防雷,户内绝缘隔离、户外联合分户一点接地,既等电位又避免户与户间故障电压相互传递。     

Rural domestic water consumption behavior: A case study in Ramjerd area, Fars province, I.R. Iran

Identifying the factors that affect domestic water demand and consumption is very important in management of available regional water resources. In this study, relationships between water consumption and rural household activities are determined by comparing a snapshot of water consumption with rural household behavior of low, medium and high water consumers. In addition, the factors affecting water consumption in rural households are also determined. The data for this study were collected from a survey of 653 rural households in 33 villages of Ramjerd area, Fars Province, in southern Iran, using a simple random sampling technique. The daily water consumption data for a 5-year period (1999-2004) were used. Results of the study revealed that the daily average water consumption for the area was found to be 121.7 l per person per capita per day (Lpcd) (SD=59.2). Water consumption was also found to be significantly correlated with explanatory variables such as “household size” and “age of household's head”. Finally, the results of discriminant function analysis showed that in rural households, garden size, greenhouse size, and garden watering times per month with tap treated water are associated with water consumption.     

建筑的复杂性——塞缪尔·莫克比及其乡村工作室的作品解读

塞缪尔·莫克比——美国阿拉巴马州奥本大学“乡村工作室”的创建者和负责人,在其生前致力于带领学生为阿拉巴马州贫困社区筹划、设计并建造住房和社区建筑。这一结合具体工程实践的建筑教学活动,引发了我们对于建筑的复杂性的思考。本文通过对其作品的多角度介绍,进一步分析了他的主要设计思想和具体做法。