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1.
Hydroprocessing catalysts based on Ni, Co, Mo and W are used in various refinery processing applications where several deactivation mechanisms become of importance (coke formation, active phase sintering, metals deposition, poisoning) in the catalyst's life cycle. The life cycle of commercial hydroprocessing catalysts is very complex and includes the catalyst production, sulfidation, use, oxidative regeneration followed by re-sulfidation and reuse or, if reuse is not possible, recycling or disposal. To understand the changes in catalyst properties taking place during a life cycle, the catalyst quality in the different stages can be best monitored by using advanced analytical techniques. The catalyst's life cycle is further complicated by numerous technical, environmental and organizational issues involved. In principle, different companies can be involved in each of the life cycle steps. Leading catalyst manufacturers, together with specialized firms, offer refineries a total catalyst management concept, starting with the purchase of the fresh catalyst and ending with its final recycling or disposal. Total catalyst management includes a broad range of services, ensuring optimal timing during the change-out process, reliable, smooth and safe operations, minimal downtime and maximum catalyst and unit performance.  相似文献   
2.
This is part II of a study reported earlier on a method to characterize the air flow and water removal characteristics during vacuum dewatering. This article presents experimental data and analysis of results from the use of a cyclically actuated vacuum dewatering device for removing moisture from wetted porous materials such as paper with the intermittent application of vacuum and accompanying air flow though the material. Results presented include sheet moisture content as a function of residence time and hence water removal rate under a variety of process conditions. Also, experimental results on air flow through the wet porous structure and hence the role and importance of air flow during vacuum dewatering are presented. Vacuum dewatering process conditions include exit solids content between 11 and 20% solid under applied vacuum conditions of 13.5 to 67.7 kPa (4 to 20 in. Hg). Regression analysis indicated that the exit sheet moisture content exhibited a nonlinear relationship with residence time with exit solids reaching a plateau after a certain residence time. Final moisture content correlated linearly with the average overall flow rate of air through the paper sample and the basis weight of the material.  相似文献   
3.
Ash derived from combustion of Malaysian oil palm biomass (empty fruit bunches consisting of fibers) was physically and chemically characterized in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of its specific properties in terms of toxicity, compositions and reusability. Principal analyses conducted include particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, elemental dispersive X-ray, elemental analysis, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) as well as thermogravimetric, X-ray diffractometry and Fourier-transform infrared analyses. TCLP result indicated that the oil palm ash (OPA) should not be classified as toxic wastes in terms of heavy metal leachability since leachable copper, cadmium, lead and nickel concentrations were detected below the stipulated leachability limits. It was determined that the OPA contained high amount of potassium as well as presence of silica which implied its suitability to be reused as crude fertilizer or cement replacement material.  相似文献   
4.
This paper describes the synthesis of cements, chemically and structurally related to Ca2SiO4. Silica was obtained from rice hull after heating at 600 °C. Calcium oxide and small amounts of barium chloride were mixed in order to obtain a final (Ca/Si) or (Ca+Ba)/Si ratio equal to 1.95, 1.90, and 1.80, which is lower than in the conventional cement. The solids were mixed and ultrasonically treated for 1 h with a water/solid ratio of about 20. After drying and grinding, the mixtures were heated up to 1100 °C. It was possible, in some cases, to obtain a cementitious material. These cements are structurally related to β-Ca2SiO4 and the lower (Ca+Ba)/Si ratio obtained was 1.95. The initial chemical compositions of these cements are: (Ca1.83+Ba0.12)SiO4 and (Ca1.79+Ba0.16)SiO4. A further lowering in the (Ca+Ba)/Si ratio changes the nature of the silicates.  相似文献   
5.
A statistical study of the particle shape and size of pure V2O5 and TiO2, and samples of coprecipitated V2O5---TiO2 catalysts with different V/Ti ratios, has been performed. They were also characterized by XRD, EDAX, SEM and XPS. The results showed that pure vanadium pentoxide is compose by large square or needle-shaped particles, while pure titanium dioxide has small and rounded ones. VTiO samples presented an area and shape, depending on the V/Ti ratio.

These results and the spectroscopical characterization conducted to a particle model of the catalysts. Those VOTi samples with high V/Ti ratio would have large V2O5 crystals acting as support of a V/TiO2 solid solution. In contrast, those samples with a low V/Ti ratio, would have the solid solution supporting vanadium pentoxide crystals.  相似文献   

6.
The thermal decomposition up to 400 °C of ammonium ferric citrate hydrate, of unknown structure and formula weight, was studied by thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The possible identities of the formula weight and the intermediate products of calcination are discussed. The results revealed that the parent material is amorphous and contains two moles of water and two moles of ammonia. Decomposition takes place via six weight-loss processes, three endothermic (90–230 °C) and three exothermic (240–298 °C), leading eventually to the formation of Fe2O3. The intermediate solid products are mainly unstable amorphous oxycarbonates, as indicated by X-ray and IR spectroscopies. The gas-phase decomposition products identified by IR spectroscopy are NH3, CO2, CO, CH3COCH3, CH4 and NH4OH. Surface area measurement and scanning electron microscopy showed that Fe2O3, the final product at 400 °C, hada surface area of 40 m2/g and good crystalline and porous character.  相似文献   
7.
A series of Sn-Zn modified-MCM41 has been synthesized by direct hydrothermal method and characterized using ICP, XRD, TG/DTA, FT-IR, HRTEM and N2-adsorption techniques. Catalytic performances of the obtained materials were evaluated in the hydroxylation of phenol with H2O2. Results indicated that all the samples exhibited typical hexagonal arrangement of mesoporous structure with high surface area and the heteroatoms were probably incorporated into the framework of MCM41. Catalytic tests revealed that the bimetallic incorporated materials were effective catalysts in the hydroxylation of phenol. The conversion of phenol could be reach to 56.8% for the catalysts with Sn: Zn: Si = 2.69: 4.57: 100 (molar ratio) under the optimized reaction conditions. Moreover, the materials containing Sn and Zn exhibited higher catalytic activity than monometallic Sn and Zn modified MCM41.  相似文献   
8.
热塑性淀粉加工过程的控制参数及塑化程度的表征方法   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
周江  佟金 《塑料工业》2006,34(Z1):234-237
在介绍热塑性淀粉塑料加工原理的基础上,提出特殊机械能可以作为描述热塑性淀粉塑化过程的控制参数;并对表征热塑性淀粉塑化程度的各种方法进行了总结和评述。  相似文献   
9.
The coupled photocatalyst WO3/TiO2 is prepared by ball milling by doping WO3 into TiO2 and using H2O solution as disperser. The coupled photocatalyst WO3/TiO2 is characterized by UV–VIS diffuse reflection spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the optimum percentage of WO3 doped is 3% and that the photocatalytic activity of the coupled WO3/TiO2 photocatalyst is much higher than that of TiO2 and WO3–TiO2 with no ball milling. Compared with TiO2, the photoexcited wavelength range of the WO3/TiO2 photocatalyst red-shifts about 50 nm, and the light absorption intensity is also improved. The crystal phase of TiO2 is not changed and new crystal phases are not found during the process of ball milling. WO3 and TiO2 coupled highly, forming the WO3/TiO2 photocatalyst. The increased photocatalytic activity of the coupled photocatalyst may be attributed to the enhance charge separation efficiency and the extend wavelength range of photoexcitation.  相似文献   
10.
Poly(epichlorohydrin-g-styrene) copolymers, P(ECH-g-S)s, have been prepared in solution by two different methods of coupling polyepichlorohydrin, PECH, with polystyrene, PS, containing a functional end group. In the first method, polystyryl carboxylic acid, PSCOOH, prepared from living polystyrene, was converted to the corresponding potassium salt which was coupled with PECH in dimethyl formamide solution usually at 60°C. In the second method, polystyryl potassium, PS?K+, in tetrahydrofuran solution was end-capped with propylene sulphide to form PSCH2CH(CH3)S?K+ which was coupled directly with PECH in tetrahydrofuran at 40°C. Grafting by the first reaction was relatively slow but occurred without significant adverse side reactions. The grafting by the second reaction was relatively fast, but side reactions occurred resulting in a cleavage of the graft copolymer. The graft copolymers were purified by fractional precipitation and extraction procedures and were characterized by infra-red and ultra-violet spectroscopy, microanalysis, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, solution viscometry, dynamic mechanical testing, and electron microscopy. Solution properties of the graft copolymers in benzene-carbon tetrachloride and toluene-cyclohexane mixtures were studied. There was evidence of micelle formation in dilute solutions of the mixed solvents and microphase separation of components in the solid state. Nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms in PECH by phenyl acetate (C6H5 CH2COO-) and thiophenoxide (C6H5S-) groups was performed.  相似文献   
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