Nondestructive Brix Evaluation of Apples of Different Origin Using Near Infrared (NIR) Filter Based Reflectance Spectroscopy

Abstract

A filter based near infrared (NIR) technique to evaluate Brix value, in a non destructive way, of Indian apples, along with apples from other countries, has been investigated here. Reflectance characteristics at ten NIR wavelengths were recorded by in-house developed probe for five Indian varieties and four imported varieties. A separate calibration and validation set for each variety was formed. Brix values of the calibration and validation sets of apples were evaluated with a refractometer from Bellingham and Stanley, Model 840. Principal component regression was used to generate calibration and prediction of Brix for the validation set. It was found that Brix values of all varieties of apples can be predicted with a standard error of prediction, 0.7322–1.7809, while root mean square error is also in the same range. It was further noticed that reduction in data recording wavelength leads to an increase in SEP and RMSE.     

A passenger reduces sleepy driver's activation in the right prefrontal cortex: A laboratory study using near-infrared spectroscopy

The present study aimed to examine how a passenger affects the sleepiness effect (awake vs. sleepy) on an individual's prefrontal activation during a simulated driving-game task using a wireless portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device. Participants drove from start to goal along default routes either solely (no-passenger group) or with a friend sitting beside him/her as a passenger (with-passenger group). Sleepiness level was assessed by a five-item scale questionnaire. In the no-passenger group, there were no performance and activation differences between the sleepy and awake participants. In the with-passenger group, by contrast, the sleepy participants showed more errors and lower activations in their right prefrontal cortex than the awake participants. These results suggest that a passenger has little effect on awake participants, but may weaken the sleepy participants’ vigilance and/or their cognitive abilities of action control. Practically, the present study demonstrates that NIRS may provide us a new possibility to monitor and examine the driver's mental states in the brain.     

Prediction of fatty acids content in pig adipose tissue by near infrared spectroscopy: At-line versus in-situ analysis

A handheld micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based spectrometer working in the near infrared region (NIR) (1600–2400 nm) was evaluated for in-situ and non-destructive prediction of main fatty acids in Iberian pig (IP) carcasses. 110 IP carcasses were measured. Performance of the instrument was compared with at-line high-resolution NIRS monochromators working in two analysis modes: melted fat samples (transflectance cups) and intact adipose tissues (interactance fiber optic). Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) values obtained on the MEMS-NIRS device were: 0.68% (stearic), 1.30% (oleic), 0.55% (linoleic) and 1% (palmitic), explaining a variability of 83%, 84%, 81% and 78%, respectively. As expected, this represented a loss of predictive capability in comparison to at-line models, even with the same spectral characteristics as on the handheld device. However, the estimated total errors were at the same level for gas chromatography and NIRS analysis. This indicates that the MEMS-NIRS in-situ analysis of each individual carcass provides a cost-effective and real-time quality control system with suitable accuracy.     

Nondestructive Estimation of Fat Constituents of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seeds by Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

A rapid and efficient method for oil constituent estimation in intact sesame seeds was developed through near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and was used to evaluate a sesame germplasm collection conserved in China. A total of 342 samples were scanned by reflectance NIR in a range of 950–1650 nm, and the reference values for oil content and fatty acid (FA) profiles were measured by Soxhlet and gas chromatograph methods. Useful chemometric models were developed using partial least squares regression with full cross‐validation. The equations had low standard errors of cross‐validation, and high coefficient of determination of cross‐validation (R_c²) values (>0.8) except for stearic acid (0.794). In external validation, r² values of oil and FA composition equations ranged from 0.815 (arachidonic acid) to 0.877 (linoleic acid). The relative predictive determinant (RPD_v) values for all equations were more than 2.0. The whole‐seed NIR spectroscopy equations for oil content and FA profiles can be used for sesame seed quality rapid evaluation. The background information of the 4399 germplasm resources and accessions with high linoleic acid content identified in this study should be useful for developing new sesame cultivars with desirable FA compositions in future breeding programs.     

Evaluation of benchtop versus portable near-infrared spectroscopic method combined with multivariate approaches for the fast and simultaneous quantitative analysis of main sugars in syrup formulations

In this work a total of 116 syrup samples was investigated in order to establish predictive models for glucose, fructose and sucrose of sufficient accuracy based on partial least squares regression. The samples are divided into two main groups a) standard syrups b) reformulated syrups. The latter products can be distinguished via the very low amount of glucose and sucrose and a high amount of fructose which makes them suitable for special nutrition. Near-infrared spectroscopy was applied together with Multivariate Analysis to develop a new method for quality control of syrups. Comparison between a portable spectrometer and the benchtop device showed that the reduced wavelength range and reduced resolution of the portable device is sufficient to receive calibrations with R² ≥ 0.96 for standard syrups with comparable SEP values of 1.30 g/100 g vs. 1.19 g/100 g, 0.94 g/100 g vs. 0.99 g/100 g and 2.04 g/100 g vs. 2.46 g/100 g for glucose, fructose and sucrose respectively using the handheld device. The SEP values led to high RPD values of 5.56 vs. 5.26, 4.30 vs. 4.72, 5.06 vs. 4.20 for fructose, glucose and sucrose respectively. The R² values for reformulated syrups were 0.94 with a SEP of 1.04 g/100 g and a RPD value of 2.58 for the portable spectrometer and 0.92 with a SEP of 0.92 g/100 g and a resulting RPD value of 2.84 for the benchtop spectrometer. The method is suitable to be implemented for quality control in the producing industry as well as in grocery stores.     

近红外反射光谱分析在土壤肥料学的应用及发展方向

近红外反射光谱分析是一种"巨人"分析法,在土壤肥料及植物营养科学具有广阔的应用前景。对近红外反射光谱分析在土壤肥料及植物营养学科中的应用,存在问题,及其在土壤肥料及植物营养学科领域的发展方向进行了评述。     

基于独立组分分析和BP神经网络的可见/ 近红外光谱稻谷年份的鉴别

建立了一种基于独立组分分析的可见/近红外光谱反射技术快速鉴别稻谷年份的新方法.首先用独立组分分析方法获取不同年份稻谷的可见/近红外光谱载荷图,将载荷图中相关性最大的波段(特征波段)作为人工神经网络的输入建立稻谷年份的鉴别模型.每个年份40个样本,3个年份共120个样本用来建立BP神经网络模型,剩余的3个年份各20个样本用于预测.预测的结果表明,准确率达到100%.同时通过独立组分分析,得到了稻谷主要成分对应的敏感波段.说明本文提出的基于独立组分分析的方法具有很好的鉴别效果,为稻谷的年份鉴别提供了一种新方法.     

Climate driven release of carbon and mercury from permafrost mires increases mercury loading to sub-arctic lakes

In sub-arctic and arctic regions mercury is an element of concern for both wildlife and humans. Over thousands of years large amounts of atmospherically deposited mercury, both from natural and anthropogenic sources, have been sequestered together with carbon in northern peatlands. Many of these peatlands are currently underlain by permafrost, which controls mire stability and hydrology. With the ongoing climate change there is concern that permafrost thawing will turn large areas of these northern peatlands from carbon/mercury-sinks into much wetter carbon/mercury-sources. Here we can show that such a change in mire structure in the sub-arctic Stordalen mire in northern Sweden actually is responsible for an increased export of mercury to the adjacent lake Inre Harrsjön. We also show that sediment mercury accumulation rates during a warm period in the pre-industrial past were higher than in the 1970s when atmospheric input peaked, indicating that in areas with permafrost, climate can have an effect on mercury loading to lakes as large as anthropogenic emissions. Thawing of permafrost and the subsequent export of carbon is a widespread phenomenon, and the projection is that it will increase even more in the near future. Together with our observations from Stordalen, this makes northern peatlands into a substantial source of mercury, at risk of being released into sensitive arctic freshwater and marine systems.     

用近红外光谱检测牛奶中的三聚氰胺

研究了用近红外光谱法快速定性和定量检测纯牛奶中三聚氰胺.实验分别配制了两组不同三聚氰胺含量的纯牛奶样品,用于定性和定量分析.通过近红外光谱与聚类分析法相结合,可将含有和不含有三聚氰胺的牛奶样品有效分类;结合光谱预处理和波长选择及模型优化方法建立的检测三聚氰胺的近红外定量分析模型具有较好的稳定性和预测能力.结果表明,近红外光谱分析是一种快速、方便和环保的检测乳制品中三聚氰胺的新方法.