Simultaneous identification of structural stiffness and mass parameters based on Bare-bones Gaussian Tree Seeds Algorithm using time-domain data

This paper mainly illustrates the Tree Seeds Algorithm (TSA) to tackle structural damage identification problem. The damage model is simulated by the alterations of both stiffness and mass parameters. The objective function is introduced by minimizing the differences between the measured and calculated acceleration data. To enhance the performance of the standard TSA, two modifications including the bare-bones Gaussian updated mechanism and the withering process are introduced. The modified algorithm is named after the BGTSA. In the numerical simulation part, the BGTSA is firstly used to make comparisons with several state-of-the-art algorithms on the CEC05. Secondly, the BGTSA is utilized to deal with the structural damage identification problem by optimizing the acceleration-based nonlinear objective function. Numerical experiments involving a simply supported beam and a truss are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The final results show that with low amount of acceleration data, the BGTSA can acquire better identification results compared with other evolutionary algorithms. Therefore the proposed algorithm could be viewed as a potential tool to solve the structural damage identification problem.     

Relationship between process of withering and aroma characteristics of black tea

Volatile flavour components (VFC), caffeine, crude fibre, ash and total water soluble solids (TSS) were analysed in orthodox and CTC black teas manufactured from normal and hard withered leaves. With the increase of wither, VFC, TSS and caffeine were found to increase but not crude fibre. The withering process in black tea manufacture appears to control the development of terpenoids, improving flavour quality in brewed tea.     

萎凋叶含水量对四川中小叶群体种工夫红茶品质形成的影响

目的探索萎凋程度对重庆工夫红茶品质形成的影响。方法以四川中小叶群体种为研究对象,分析比较了3个萎凋含水量:处理A(69.59%)、处理B(65.17%)、处理C(59.20%)萎凋叶红茶加工过程中色泽、多酚氧化酶(polyphenylene oxide, PPO)活性变化及对后续揉捻效果、生化成分、工夫红茶成茶品质形成的影响。结果随着萎凋水分的降低,萎凋叶L*, b*值呈下降的趋势, a*值呈上升的趋势, 4～6 h时均出现了与总体趋势相反的波动;加工过程中,各处理L*,b*值均呈下降的趋势,a*值在发酵前呈增高的趋势,干燥后值减小。成茶色泽L*a*b*值则均表现为处理A处理C处理B。加工过程中PPO活性呈先升后降的趋势,随萎凋程度的加重,高峰往后延迟且活性越强,处理C在发酵环节中活性最高。揉捻环节随着萎凋叶含水量的降低成条率越高,扁条率越低,细胞破碎率越高,处理C效果最好。内含物质随着萎凋叶含水量的减少,茶多酚先增后减,氨基酸先减后增,咖啡碱呈先减后增再减式起伏变化;水浸出物、可溶性糖差异不明显;成茶中处理C综合感官品质表现最好。结论萎凋叶含水量在60%左右时,有利于发挥四川中小叶群体种品种优势,加工出的工夫红茶品质良好。     

Mathematical Modeling of Withering Characteristics of Tea Leaves

The withering characteristics of tea leaves were examined for different temperatures. Tea leaves were withered at a temperature range of 20-45°C with a constant air velocity of 1.1 m/s. The experimental results illustrated the absence of constant-rate drying period and withering took place only in the falling-rate period. During the falling-rate period, at constant drying air flow rate, the drying rate increased and drying time decreased with the increase in drying air temperature. Drying models of Henderson and Pabis and Page were evaluated based on mean bias error (E_MB), root mean square error (E_RMS), correlation coefficient (R²), and the chi square (χ²). The Henderson and Pabis model was found to be a better model for describing the withering characteristics of tea leaves for each of the temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. The values obtained from Page model were found to be more reasonable for temperatures of 40 and 45°C than the other model. Both the models closely fitted the withering data within a certain range of temperature. The Henderson and Pabis model gave better prediction and satisfactorily described the withering characteristics of tea leaves at temperatures lower than 40°C whereas the Page model fitted well at temperatures greater than 40°C.     

萎凋方式对γ-氨基丁酸白茶香气成分的影响

目的 为探明萎凋方式对GABA白茶香气成分的影响。方法 本研究采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（headspace solid-phase mextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）结合感官评价和香气活性值(odour activity value,OAV）比较分析自然萎凋γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）白茶（TY）和复式萎凋GABA白茶（LY）的香气成分差异。结果 TY共鉴定出39种有效香气成分,LY共鉴定出41种有效香气成分,LY浓度及OAV值显著高于TY（p<0.05,FC>2或<0.5）。TY的香气浓郁持久,带果香和兰花香,LY的香气果香馥郁,带兰花香和栀子花香,复式萎凋有利于果香积累。结论 复式萎凋较自然萎凋更有利于芳樟醇、2-庚醇、1-己烯-3-醇、3-甲基苯甲醛、月桂醛、己酸、壬酸、2-庚酮等物质的显著富集,使得GABA白茶中的果香型风味突出,花香、清香和奶油型香气更加显著,更有利于促进GABA白茶优良品质的形成。本研究结果可为开发不同香型GABA白茶产品及加工工艺创新提供理论参考。     

Studies on freeze-withering in black tea manufacturing

In order to reduce the withering time during black tea manufacture, freeze-withering was attempted, which resulted in flaccid leaves with increased cell membrane permeability in a shorter period of time. The freeze-withered leaves had similar amounts of quality precursors as that of the conventionally withered leaves. The resultant black tea was better in quality than those manufactured without withering and after normal withering. Manufacturing of fresh leaves resulted in comparable levels of theaflavins, but the tea was not acceptable due to its harshness. Increased cell membrane permeability during freeze-withering showed that the leaf attained a sufficient degree of physical wither. The decreases in the levels of chlorophyll showed that chemical withering had also been achieved during freeze-withering, which is supported by the increased levels of caffeine.     

Mathematical Modeling of Withering Characteristics of Tea Leaves

The withering characteristics of tea leaves were examined for different temperatures. Tea leaves were withered at a temperature range of 20–45°C with a constant air velocity of 1.1 m/s. The experimental results illustrated the absence of constant-rate drying period and withering took place only in the falling-rate period. During the falling-rate period, at constant drying air flow rate, the drying rate increased and drying time decreased with the increase in drying air temperature. Drying models of Henderson and Pabis and Page were evaluated based on mean bias error (E_MB), root mean square error (E_RMS), correlation coefficient (R²), and the chi square (χ²). The Henderson and Pabis model was found to be a better model for describing the withering characteristics of tea leaves for each of the temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. The values obtained from Page model were found to be more reasonable for temperatures of 40 and 45°C than the other model. Both the models closely fitted the withering data within a certain range of temperature. The Henderson and Pabis model gave better prediction and satisfactorily described the withering characteristics of tea leaves at temperatures lower than 40°C whereas the Page model fitted well at temperatures greater than 40°C.     

花香型工夫红茶的开发研究

为开发花香型工夫红茶,对品种选择和加工工艺进行初步研究。试验从9个湖南地方资源及部分外省品种中筛选出4个适制花香型工夫红茶的茶树品种和单株。在加工过程中,萎凋时用红外灯光照射,制得的工夫红茶带有花香,但花香持久性欠佳;原料选用具有一定成熟度的1芽2叶,有利于产品品质和香气的形成。     

不同通风量对结球白菜通风贮藏效应的影响

结球白菜通风贮藏过程,采用不同大小的通风量,可导致贮藏环境的气体组成发生变化。乙烯气体的比重小于二氧化碳气体,所以较小的通风量(0．8L/h, 24h/d)即可使贮藏环境内乙烯清除,而二氧化碳却有一定积累。此处理外层叶片叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降最慢,生长点过氧化物酶活性最低,商品菜率最高。可望商业性白菜通风贮藏能够寻找一适宜的通风量。抑制生长点再生长和外层叶片的衰老,以进一步降低损耗,提高贮藏效果。