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The health benefits of whole wheat consumption can be partially attributed to wheat's phytochemicals, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkylresorcinols, carotenoids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and tocotrienols. It is of increasing interest to produce whole wheat products that are rich in bioactive phytochemicals. This review provides the fundamentals of the chemistry, extraction, and occurrence of wheat phytochemicals and includes critical discussion of several long-lasting issues: (1) the commonly used nomenclature on distribution of wheat phenolic acids, namely, soluble-free, soluble-conjugated, and insoluble-bound phenolic acids; (2) different extraction protocols for wheat phytochemicals; and (3) the chemistry and application of in vitro antioxidant assays. This review further discusses recent advances on the effects of genotypes, environments, field management, and processing techniques including ultrafine grinding, germination, fermentation, enzymatic treatments, thermal treatments, and food processing. These results need to be interpreted with care due to varied sample preparation protocols and limitations of in vitro assays. The bioaccessibility, bioavailability, metabolism, and potential health benefits of wheat phytochemicals are also reviewed. This comprehensive and critical review will benefit scientific researchers in the field of bioactive compounds of cereal grains and also those in the cereal food industry to produce high-quality functional foods.  相似文献   
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The joint monitoring of the ground and sky for cereal crops based on microwave data has become a popular method for researches on earth surface objects. Focused on the sensitivity of backscatter from the scatterometer measurement and advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) images to cereal parameters of rice, nine acquisitions, including rice parameters related eco-physiological variables and scattering coefficients, have been carried over the paddy field corresponding to rice growth stages. This paper analyzes the relationship between the corresponding backscatter to the cereal parameters based on the measurement at the interesting bands, polarizations, and incidence angels. Further, a modified water cloud model is built based on the ground measurement and advanced integrated equation model (AIEM), and then cereal parameters from ASAR images are retrieved and verified. The research results show that the sensitivity of backscatter to cereals from the sensor of the radar scatterometer could be helpful to build the retrieve model for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, which can achieve the scientific goals of the joint monitoring of ground and sky for cereal crops.  相似文献   
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该研究开发一种快速、灵敏同时检测玉米、小麦和稻米中玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)和赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)的高效液相色谱检测方法。将样品采用乙腈/水(80/20,体积比),200 r/min,30℃振荡提取30 min后,经Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取柱净化后,上样检测。该方法ZEN和OTA检测限(limit of detection,LOD)为3.7μg/kg和0.11μg/kg,定量限(quantification Limit,LOQ)为12.25μg/kg和0.38μg/kg,线性范围分别为10μg/kg^2000μg/kg和0.2μg/kg^200μg/kg,加标样品中不同浓度的ZEN和OTA回收率为83.0%~101.3%,日内精密度和日间精密度分别为3.12%~7.03%和3.57%~9.3%。该方法适用于玉米、小麦和稻米中ZEN和OTA的同时检测。  相似文献   
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超微粉碎技术应用研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
超微粉碎技术作为一种新型高新技术,将导致物料结构和表面积发生一些变化,从而产生原物料不具有的新的优势,从而使此技术广泛应用于各行各业中,尤其在食品、化学、制药等方面得到较快发展。着重就超微粉碎技术在粮食与饲料中应用的国内外相关研究进行综述,以期为此技术在粮食与饲料工业中的应用提供参考,并指出今后超微粉碎技术在食品行业中的研究趋势。  相似文献   
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The presence of toxicogenic Staphylococcus aureus in foods and the dissemination of methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the food chain are matters of concern. In the present study, the circular bacteriocin enterocin AS‐48, applied singly or in combination with phenolic compounds (carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, and citral) or with 2‐nitro‐1‐propanol (2NPOH), was investigated in the control of a cocktail made from 1 methicillin‐sensitive and 1 MRSA strains inoculated on commercial oat and soya drinks. Enterocin AS‐48 exhibited low bactericidal activity against staphylococci in the drinks investigated when applied singly. The combinations of sub‐inhibitory concentrations of enterocin AS‐48 (25 μg/mL) and phenolic compounds or 2NPOH caused complete inactivation of staphylococci in the drinks within 24 h of incubation at 22 °C. When tested in oat and soya drinks stored for 7 d at 10 °C, enterocin AS‐48 (25 μg/mL) in combination with 2NPOH (5.5 mM) reduced viable counts rapidly in the case of oat drink (4.2 log cycles after 12 h) or slowly in soya drink (3.8 log cycles after 3 d). The same combined treatment applied on drinks stored at 22 °C achieved a fast inactivation of staphylococci within 12 to 24 h in both drinks, and no viable staphylococci were detected for up to 7 d of storage. Results from the study highlight the potential of enterocin AS‐48 in combination with 2NPOH for inactivation of staphylococci.  相似文献   
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Phytic acid present in the raw materials can complex with many compounds and therefore limit their availability to the yeast during the alcoholic fermentation process. An effective utilization of biogenic compounds bound in phytates requires a detailed analysis of the raw materials for their phytic acid content. The aim of this study was to characterize the major technological parameters for selected raw materials used in the distilling industry (maize, rye, wheat and triticale grain) and to determine the phytic acid content and the IP6/total phosphorus ratio. The phytic acid hydrolysis rate during the mashing process, with the use of microbial phytases, was analysed. The highest phytic acid concentrations (2.30 ± 0.20 mg/g dry matter) and the highest IP6/total P (80.42 ± 6.99%) were observed in the maize grain samples. Therefore, further studies on the phytic acid hydrolysis rate with the use of various phytases were conducted for the maize grain. The highest hydrolytic activity was observed for the Phytase 10000L preparation. This was the preparation that hydrolysed the phytic acid completely in up to 90 min. The application of a highly effective phytase, in ethanol production from maize grain, could lead to a more effective utilization of the biogenic compounds during the fermentation process. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling  相似文献   
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