Selection of Endophytic Strains for Enhanced Bacteria-Assisted Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants Posing a Public Health Hazard

Anthropogenic activities generate a high quantity of organic pollutants, which have an impact on human health and cause adverse environmental effects. Monitoring of many hazardous contaminations is subject to legal regulations, but some substances such as therapeutic agents, personal care products, hormones, and derivatives of common organic compounds are currently not included in these regulations. Classical methods of removal of organic pollutants involve economically challenging processes. In this regard, remediation with biological agents can be an alternative. For in situ decontamination, the plant-based approach called phytoremediation can be used. However, the main disadvantages of this method are the limited accumulation capacity of plants, sensitivity to the action of high concentrations of hazardous pollutants, and no possibility of using pollutants for growth. To overcome these drawbacks and additionally increase the efficiency of the process, an integrated technology of bacteria-assisted phytoremediation is being used recently. For the system to work, it is necessary to properly select partners, especially endophytes for specific plants, based on the knowledge of their metabolic abilities and plant colonization capacity. The best approach that allows broad recognition of all relationships occurring in a complex community of endophytic bacteria and its variability under the influence of various factors can be obtained using culture-independent techniques. However, for practical application, culture-based techniques have priority.     

产α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂罗汉果内生菌株的筛选鉴定及发酵条件优化

采用对硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（PNPG）法,从罗汉果内生菌中筛选高产α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂（α-GI）的菌株,对该菌株进行形态观察和分子生物学鉴定。以α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率为评价指标,利用单因素试验及正交试验进行发酵条件优化,进一步用有机溶剂萃取发酵液后进行活性部位追踪。结果表明,从罗汉果内生菌中筛选出一株高产α-GI的菌株,编号为PD-14,被鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）,该菌株产α-GI的最佳发酵条件为初始pH值7,装液量100 mL/250 mL,发酵时间4 d,发酵温度30 ℃,接种量7%。此优化条件下,菌株PD-14发酵原液对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率达到91.05%,是优化前的1.5倍。α-GI为胞外产物,萃取后筛选到活性部位为正丁醇相和水相,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分别为77.61%和76.70%。     

植物内生菌抗菌活性物质研究进展

讨论了利用植物内生菌作为抗菌活性物质重要来源的基本机制 ,简要介绍了内生菌产生抗菌活性物质的研究进展 ,同时提出了利用内生菌筛选抗菌活性物质的策略。     

产β-葡萄糖苷酶甘草内生菌的筛选及对甘草黄酮转化的研究

对甘草内生菌进行分离,并从中进行高产β-葡萄糖苷酶菌株的筛选,以利用微生物转化法将甘草黄酮糖苷水解成苷元,提高其抗氧化活性。结果从分离纯化出的47株甘草内生菌中筛选得到GF10和GF19两株高β-葡萄糖苷酶活性真菌,两株菌对甘草黄酮的转化实验结果表明:转化后黄酮的抗氧化活性均有显著增加,GF10、GF19对DPPH自由基的清除率分别达到71.67%、65.94%,比未经转化黄酮的清除率(20.68%)分别提高了246.57%、218.86%。对甘草黄酮主要成分的HPLC法检测结果表明,经微生物转化后,甘草苷与异甘草苷的质量浓度均有不同程度的降低,而甘草素和异甘草素的质量浓度则显著增加。其中GF19转化的处理,甘草素在4种黄酮物质中所占的比例最高,为29.18%,比转化前(10.38%)提高了181.12%;异甘草素比例最高的处理是GF10,为8.64%,比转化前(4.27%)高出102.34%。     

Effector Profiles of Endophytic Fusarium Associated with Asymptomatic Banana (Musa sp.) Hosts

During the infection of a host, plant pathogenic fungi secrete small proteins called effectors, which then modulate the defence response of the host. In the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), the secreted in xylem (SIX) gene effectors are important for host-specific pathogenicity, and are also useful markers for identifying the various host-specific lineages. While the presence and diversity of the SIX genes has been explored in many of the pathogenic lineages of F. oxysporum, there is a limited understanding of these genes in non-pathogenic, endophytic isolates of F. oxysporum. In this study, universal primers for each of the known SIX genes are designed and used to screen a panel of endophytically-associated Fusarium species isolated from healthy, asymptomatic banana tissue. SIX gene orthologues are identified in the majority of the Fusarium isolates screened in this study. Furthermore, the SIX gene profiles of these endophytic isolates do not overlap with the SIX genes present in the pathogenic lineages of F. oxysporum that are assessed in this study. SIX gene orthologues have not been commonly identified in Fusarium species outside of the FOSC nor in non-pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum. The results of this study indicate that the SIX gene effectors may be more broadly distributed throughout the Fusarium genus than previously thought. This has important implications for understanding the evolution of pathogenicity in the FOSC.     

西部煤矿区深色有隔内生真菌修复机理与生态应用模式

煤炭开采过程损伤生态,扰动土壤与植被生长环境,加之西部矿区气候干旱,环境胁迫影响矿区生态自修复进程。微生物修复技术在矿区生态环境的应用是从修复生态系统的功能与结构角度出发的一种可持续方法。深色有隔内生真菌（Dark Septate Endophytes,DSE）不同于丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi,AMF）,是一类更广泛定殖于植物根系的内生真菌,在微生物-土壤-宿主植物生态系统中发挥着重要生态学功能。与丛枝菌根真菌相比,DSE可以纯培养,利用DSE等有益微生物对矿区进行生态恢复更具有推广意义。针对DSE分类特征、不同宿主植物和不同生境中DSE的定殖规律进行总结。揭示DSE在促进宿主植物矿质营养吸收,增强非生物胁迫和生物胁迫抗性机理,特别是在非生物胁迫中,DSE可以帮助宿主植物抵御水分胁迫、盐胁迫、重金属胁迫和寒冷胁迫。提出DSE代谢物在宿主植物生态作用。基于此,为使DSE保持生物活性、延长存活时间、更大程度发挥其生态价值,提出菌液浸种搭载无人机飞播、DSE固体菌剂研发、DSE叶面肥涂抹技术等新的生态修复模式,促进植物快速吸收养分、提高抗逆性,最大程...     

Unravelling the fruit microbiome: The key for developing effective biological control strategies for postharvest diseases

Fruit-based diets are recognized for their benefits to human health. The safety of fruit is a global concern for scientists. Fruit microbiome represents the whole microorganisms that are associated with a fruit. These microbes are either found on the surfaces (epiphytes) or in the tissues of the fruit (endophytes). The recent knowledge gained from these microbial communities is considered relevant to the field of biological control in prevention of postharvest fruit pathology. In this study, the importance of the microbiome of certain fruits and how it holds promise for solving the problems inherent in biocontrol and postharvest crop protection are summarized. Research needs on the fruit microbiome are highlighted. Data from DNA sequencing and “meta-omics” technologies very recently applied to the study of microbial communities of fruits in the postharvest context are also discussed. Various fruit parameters, management practices, and environmental conditions are the main determinants of the microbiome. Microbial communities can be classified according to their structure and function in fruit tissues. A critical mechanism of microbial biological control agents is to reshape and interact with the microbiome of the fruit. The ability to control the microbiome of any fruit is a great potential in postharvest management of fruits. Research on the fruit microbiome offers important opportunities to develop postharvest biocontrol strategies and products, as well as the health profile of the fruit.