Granulation Tissue Enhanced with Aspirin and Omega-3 PUFAs as a Local Adjunct to the Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis

The topical application of aspirin and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may trigger the resolution of inflammation by inducing the biosynthesis of pro-resolvers such as lipoxins and resolvins while also avoiding the side effects of systemic aspirin intake. This study assessed the effect of enhanced granulation tissue (EGT) on periodontal tissue regeneration through the local application of aspirin and omega-3 PUFAs directly to granulation tissue (GT) during periodontal surgery. This randomized controlled experiment assesses 38 pockets in 19 patients. In every patient, two similar intrabony periodontal defects are treated with an open flap debridement, one with EGT (GT extracted, enhanced with aspirin and omega-3 PUFAs, and replaced) and the other with standard GT removal. Clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD) are assessed at baseline and 2 and 6 months after surgery. The experimental protocol (EGT) results in a greater CAL gain as compared to that in the controls at 6 months (p < 0.05), while PPD reduction is not affected. The retained GT does not compromise healing. EGT is proposed as a promising, inexpensive, and simple method that may improve the outcome of periodontal regenerative treatment. However, the described protocol requires optimization and further assessment. Practical Applications : The biosynthesis of mediators including resolvins and lipoxins triggered by aspirin and omega-3 PUFAs promote the resolution of inflammation, eventually leading to faster regeneration of inflamed tissues. While granulation tissue is a necessary component in wound healing, enhancing granulation tissue with aspirin and omega-3 PUFAs results in CAL gain in the surgical treatment of periodontal defects. Retained granulation tissue does not compromise periodontal healing. The EGT strategy is an inexpensive and simple method that may improve the clinical outcomes of regenerative periodontal procedures.     

A numerical study on nonlinear DPL model for analyzing heat transfer in tissue during thermal therapy

In the present paper, therapeutic treatment of infected tumorous cells has been studied through mathematical modeling and simulation of heat transfer in tissues by using a nonlinear dual-phase lag bioheat transfer model with Dirichlet boundary condition. The components of volumetric heat source in this model such as blood perfusion and metabolism are assumed experimentally validated temperature-dependent function, which gives more accurate temperature distribution in tissues through this model. We have used the finite difference and RK (4, 5) techniques of numerical methods to solve the proposed problem and obtained the exact solution in a particular case. After comparison, we got a good agreement between them. We have used dimensionless quantities throughout this paper. The effect of relaxation and thermalization time with respect to dimensionless temperature distribution has been analyzed in the treatment process.     

Design,characterization and control of SMA springs-based multi-modal tactile display device for biomedical applications

Tactile display is recently attracting much attention in the field of human–computer interaction. There is a strong need for such a device especially for applications in which the touch feeling is lost, such as surgeons who are willing to feel the tissue hardness during laparoscopic surgeries. In this paper, a novel multi-modal tactile display device which can display both surface shape and stiffness of an object is introduced. The conceptual design is built upon using two springs, made of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA), for displaying shape and stiffness. The design parameters of this device are selected based on the spatial resolution of human finger and the elasticity range of the soft tissue. The display device is simulated using Finite Element Method (FEM) to study the effect of design parameters on the resulting stiffness. Simulation results show that the device can display stiffness of an object independent of its shape display. The experimental setup is built and used for the characterization and control of the SMA springs. Experimental results show that the device can display a stiffness range of (35–110) N/m and elongation up to 5 mm.     

Polymers for medical and tissue engineering applications

Recent decades have seen great advancements in medical research into materials, both natural and synthetic, that facilitate the repair and regeneration of compromised tissues through the delivery and support of cells and/or biomolecules. Biocompatible polymeric materials have become the most heavily investigated materials used for such purposes. Naturally‐occurring and synthetic polymers, including their various composites and blends, have been successful in a range of medical applications, proving to be particularly suitable for tissue engineering (TE) approaches. The increasing advances in polymeric biomaterial research combined with the developments in manufacturing techniques have expanded capabilities in tissue engineering and other medical applications of these materials. This review will present an overview of the major classes of polymeric biomaterials, highlight their key properties, advantages, limitations and discuss their applications. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Spatially offset Raman microspectroscopy of highly scattering tissue: theory and experiment

Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) has seen considerable interest in recent years as a tool for noninvasively acquiring Raman spectra from beneath the surface of a sample. One of the major limitations of the SORS technique is that accurate knowledge of the optical properties of the medium is required to translate an offset into a sample depth. We report on the benefits of preforming SORS using micron offset distances as opposed to the more typical millimeter offsets used. Monte Carlo simulations are used to demonstrate that at these small offsets, the results depend less on the scattering coefficient of the material. These results provide new insights into the SORS technique and will improve the practical application of SORS in the future.     

Analytical solution of P3 approximation to radiative transfer equation for an infinite homogenous media and its validity

The P3 approximation of the spherical harmonics method for the radiative transfer equation whose homogenous solution is the spherical Bessel function is a nonlinear partial differential equation system. After breaking the spherical Bessel function into two exponential terms, we obtain its particular solution by the modified method of variation of parameters. The complete solution of this approximation is not uniquely determined by the Marshak or Mark boundary condition on the boundary (r = 0). Therefore, the constants of the full solution are determined by direct application of the energy conservation, and by the fact that the P3 approximation equals the P1 approximation when the absorption coefficient is much lower than the reduced scattering coefficient. With the analytic solution of the P3 approximation, the spherical harmonics method for the radiative transfer equation can predict accurately the optical property of a large absorption tissue with the ratio of the reduced scattering coefficient to absorption coefficient ranging over 3–10.     

Physiologically based persistent organic pollutant accumulation in pig tissues and their edible safety differences: An in vivo study

As one of the most important animal food sources, pigs are an important model in the assessment of human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In the present study, the distribution of the administrated polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/furan (PCDD/F)–polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the different tissues of pigs, including liver, lung, kidney, subcutaneous fat, mesentery and muscle, for understanding the physiologically based pollutant accumulation in these tissues and their edible safety was investigated. It was found that liver had a much higher potential to accumulate PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like pollutants like PCB-126 than the other tissues, but it did not specifically concentrate PBDE congeners as compared to the other tissues. The different PCDD/F congeners and PCB-126 followed a similar distribution pattern in the different tissues; also the different PBDE congeners have the similar pattern in these tissues. The liver’s higher concentrating potency for dioxin-like pollutants may result from its detoxification function, however, it can concentrate dioxin-like pollutants but not PBDEs may suggest that it is the toxicity but not lipophilic property of these POPs dominated their accumulation in liver tissues. Also the result suggested that liver is a high-risk edible tissue for dioxin-like pollutants. In conclusion, the present study suggested that physiologically based assessments are necessary for evaluating edible tissue safety in animal source foods.     

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities in different edible tissues of citrus fruit of four species

Different edible tissues of citrus fruit, namely juice sacs (JS), segment membrane (SM), and segment (Seg), of four species, were examined for contents of bioactive compounds and total antioxidant capacities (TAC) by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Two flavanones (naringin and hesperidin) were identified by HPLC; hesperidin accounted for 18.5–38.5% of the total phenolics in the species Citrus unshiu, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus sinensis, while naringin was only found in Citrus changshanensis and it accounted for 53.7% of the total phenolics in SM of this species. In SM of all selected species, the contents of phenolic compounds and TAC were significantly higher than those in JS and Seg. Highest total phenolics, total flavonoids, naringin, and TAC were found in SM of C. changshanensis, while the highest carotenoid content was found in JS of C. reticulata. The contribution of vitamin C to TAC ranged from 26.9% to 45.9% in JS and Seg of all selected species. In SM, however, a high contribution from hesperidin was observed in C. unshiu (54.0%), C. sinensis (46.7%) and C. reticulata (30.0%). The results indicated that SM of citrus fruit were high in contents of bioactive compounds and TAC; it is thus recommended to consume citrus fruit with all edible tissues rather than juice or JS alone.     

Molecular and chemical investigations and comparisons of biomaterials for ocular surface regeneration

This study investigated and compared the ultrastructural and chemical properties of representative biomaterials for ocular surface regeneration: a human amniotic membrane (AM) in a basal plate, a human AM in reflected chorion, a preserved AM, and a human corneo‐scleral tissue. Assessments of the morphological differences in the extracellular matrices were evaluated by hematoxylin–eosin, Masson's trichrome (for total collagen), and picrosirius‐red (for newly synthesized collagen) staining. Assessments of the changes in the molecular structures and chemical compositions of the biomaterials for ocular surface regeneration were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy. A placental AM (52 %) was a dense and thick collagenous structure compared to a reflected AM (23 %). The spectroscopy did not obtain any structural information for a preserved AM. The cornea group (100 %, control) and sclera group (104 %) showed the collagen lamellae and interfibrillar spacing, and a slight inflammatory reaction with more fibrous and granulomatous tissues. There was a formation of newly synthesized collagen in a placental AM, while there were few collagen components in a reflected AM. Human AM tissues showed consistent Raman spectra and the characteristic collagen bands, similar to the corneal and scleral tissues. Therefore, these findings suggest that human placental AM and reflected AM are structurally suitable for scleral and corneal surface regeneration, respectively, while human placental or preserved AM and reflected AM are molecularly and chemically suitable for corneal and scleral surface regeneration, respectively. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:183–188, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物源性食品中硝基呋喃代谢物

目的建立动物源性食品中四种硝基呋喃代谢物的超高效液相色谱串联质谱(ultra pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)的快速检测方法。方法样品经盐酸溶液水解,邻硝基苯甲醛(2-NBA)37℃衍生16 h后,调节衍生液的pH=7.6,用乙酸乙酯提取。分析物采用电喷雾电离,正离子扫描,多反应检测模式(MRM),基质匹配内标标准曲线法定量。结果四种代谢物的工作曲线在0.1～10.0μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数R2均达到了0.995以上,氨基脲(SEM或SCA)与1-氨基-乙内酰脲(AHD)最低检出限均为0.1μg/kg,5-吗啉甲基-3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮(AMOZ)与3-氨基-2-恶唑烷基酮(AOZ)最低检出限均为0.05μg/kg。平均回收率在91.8%～107.0%之间,相对标准偏差均小于10%。结论样品前处理简单、测定时间短、灵敏度高,适用于猪肉、牛肉、鸡肉、猪肝和水产品(鱼类及虾类)中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留的快速测定。