Characteristics of fat,and saponin and tannin contents of 11 varieties of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seed

Rambutan seed is discarded during fruit processing. However, the seed contains a considerable amount of crude fat. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine two anti-nutritional constituents, namely saponin and tannin, and to characterize the fat of the seeds of 11 varieties of rambutan fruit. Results showed that the range of crude fat content is fairly narrow (36.13–39.13 g/100 g dried seeds). The iodine value and free fatty acid content of the fat were 38.50–50.61 g I₂/100 g fat and 0.99–2.18% as oleic acid, respectively. Oleic (33.35–46.64%) and arachidic (26.03–33.27%) acids were the main fatty acids in the fat. HPLC analysis showed that the fat comprised mainly five unknown triacylglycerols (83.94–95.33%). The melting and crystallization curves showed that the fat exhibited four to nine non-distinct peaks. The complete melting and crystallization onset temperatures of the fat were 24.8–50.6°C and 24.1–39.4°C, respectively, while the melting and crystallization enthalpies of the fat ranged from 71.2 to 141.7 J/g and from 60.4 to 88.9 J/g, respectively. At 0°C, the solid fat index of the fat ranged between 87.4% and 91.6% and the fats of some varieties melted completely at human body temperature. The saponin and tannin contents of the seed were 14.27–18.96 mg soya saponin/100 g and 4.40–26.68 mg catechin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Findings showed that rambutan seed fat has potential to be used in various sectors of food industry.     

Polyphenol composition and antioxidant capacity in pulp and peel of apricot fruits of various varieties and maturity stages at harvest

Polyphenol composition and antioxidant capacities of peel and pulp tissues of six apricot varieties were determined. Variations in polyphenol and antioxidant capacity based on variety (early‐maturing varieties and late‐maturing varieties) and harvest maturity (green mature and full mature) were assessed. The results of principal component analysis revealed that (+)‐catechin made the most important contributions to the antioxidant capacities of the pulp. As the (+)‐catechin content in ‘Dajie’ apricot decreased by 36.8% from green mature to full mature, the antioxidant capacities determined by ABTS free radical scavenging assay, DPPH free radical scavenging assay and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assay decreased by 50.0%, 45.2% and 45.8%, respectively. Levels of phenolic compounds in the apricot peels were approximately 2–4 times higher than those of the pulps. Quercetin‐3‐rutinoside may be substantially responsible for the antioxidant capacities of the peels. The late‐maturing varieties tended to have higher levels of phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant capacities than the early‐maturing varieties. The antioxidant capacities in green mature apricots were much higher than those of full mature apricots.     

Cowpea resistance and bioactivity of two diatomaceous earths against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on three cowpea varieties

The bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is the most important pest of stored cowpea in tropical climates. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of three cowpea varieties and the bioactivity of SilicoSec® and FossilShield® against this insect pest under ambient laboratory conditions at the contents 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g/kg of cowpea. The Dobie susceptibility index for cowpea genotypes was estimated to compare their relative tolerance to this insect pest. Adult mortality was assessed after 1, 2, 4 and 6 days of exposure followed by the evaluation of the F₁ progeny. Population increase, percentage seed damage and weight loss were assessed after three months of storage. The results showed that the CRPS and TN5-78 varieties were highly susceptible to C. maculatus, while Lori variety was moderately susceptible to the weevil. SilicoSec® and FossilShield® caused a significant and increasing bruchid mortality according to the dose rates and periods of exposure. Malathion 5% caused complete mortality after one day exposure time. SilicoSec® was more effective than FossilShield® on the three varieties of cowpea. The greatest dose of SilicoSec® and FossilShield® (2 g/kg) caused 100% mortality on all three varieties; 4 days of exposure in the Lori variety was the shortest exposure time leading to complete mortality. Regarding LD₅₀ and LD₉₅ values, it was observed that C. maculatus adults are more susceptible to SilicoSec® than to FossilShield®.The two formulations of diatomaceous earth (1.5 g/kg) reduced the F₁ progeny by more than 70%, and produced less than 10% of seed damage and weight loss for the three varieties of cowpea. The varietal resistance and the use of diatomaceous earth against C. maculatus in storage could represent an alternative to Malagrain® for the protection of the cowpea.     

Microbiological and physicochemical characterisation of green table olives of Halkidiki and Conservolea varieties processed by the Spanish method on industrial scale

The microbiological and physicochemical changes of industrially fermented Halkidiki and Conservolea green table olives were determined. Samples were analysed to monitor the population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts and Enterobacteriaceae, together with changes in pH, acidity, salinity, colour, lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol. LAB and yeast species diversity was evaluated at the beginning (1 day), middle (75 days) and final (135 days) stages of fermentation by RAPD-PCR genomic fingerprinting. Results revealed vigorous lactic acid processes as indicated by the dominance of LAB over yeasts. No Enterobacteriaceae could be detected after 30 days. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) dominated in the beginning of fermentation in both varieties. In the end, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus (formerly Lactobacillus pentosus) and Pediococcus ethanolidurans prevailed in Halkidiki and Conservolea varieties, respectively. As for yeasts, Kluyveromyces lactis/marxianus and Pichia manshurica prevailed at the onset of fermentation in Halkidiki and Conservolea varieties, whereas in the end Pichia membranifaciens dominated in both varieties.     

全媒体时代综艺晚会的发展策略探析

全媒体技术的发展推动我们进入全媒体时代,在全媒体时代下,综艺晚会要以引领大众的审美潮流以及与观众保持较强的互动作为发展方向。总结了全媒体时代下综艺晚会的有效发展策略,包括精心策划、利用高科技等。     

街道的单一性与多元性含义--下伏头村公共空间形态分析

从探讨街道的含义及其模式语言入手，以客观翔实的村落调查研究作为立论基础，探索街道空间的物质形态、社交形态以及生活形态三者之间的相互关系，挖掘街道空间作为公共空间存在的必要条件及其单一性与多元性的空间意义。     

试论住宅户内的动态空间设计问题

当前我国城市住宅中住户生活的可变性与户内空间的不可变性之间矛盾突出,本文从住户生活变化的基本规律出发,论述了住宅动态空间设计的原则、方式及动态空间设计是住宅设计的重要发展方向等问题。     

乙烯装置原料多样性优化分析

武汉800 kt/a乙烯装置在开车成功后,结合中原地区原料来源多样,原料组成复杂的特点,通过对原料组成和裂解炉产品收率分析,得到原料种类优化方向,并对裂解炉工艺操作等方面进行细化,配合原料多样性的调整。     

Cover Image,Volume 99, Issue 13

The cover image is based on the Research Article Study of the physical and chemical changes during the maturation of three cocoa clones, EET8, CCN51, and ICS60 by Andrés F Cubillos Bojacá et al., DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9882 . Cover image ©AGROSAVIA Images.