地表径流速度对城市内涝影响规律

为分析地表径流速度对城市内涝的影响,采用一维地下排水管网与二维城区地形的动态耦合模型,选取大连市某排水区块作为研究区域,设置4种地表径流速度10种设计降雨场景,模拟分析在不同重现期设计降雨及不同地表径流速度下研究区的内涝积水特性。结果表明:随着地表径流速度降低,管道排水压力变小,管道排水达标率最高可提升48.05%,且降雨重现期越短,地表径流流速对管道排水压力的削减效果越明显;地表径流流速对检查井溢流量影响显著,随着地表径流速度降低,检查井溢流量峰值最高可减小2 750 m~3,峰现时间最长可滞后56 min,同时随着降雨重现期增长,地表径流流速对检查井溢流量的削减效果减弱;研究区低、高风险区淹没面积随地表径流速度降低,最高可分别减小1.64万、8.37万m~2,但中风险区淹没面积变化反复。     

郑州矿区煤矿开采水害治理技术研究

论述了郑州矿区水害治理的严峻性和可行性,提出水害治理要立足矿井、以防为主、疏堵结合、分类治理。分别讨论了郑州矿区喀斯特发育规律、采矿扰动破坏深度、注浆技术和钻探技术问题,提出郑州矿区水害治理对策。以典型案例说明研究结果在北方煤矿区具有推广意义。     

Relative Elevation Topographic Surface Modelling of a Large Alluvial River Floodplain and Applications for the Study and Management of Riparian Landscapes

This paper presents a novel and useful spatial modelling technique to create a topographic surface that estimates a floodplain's elevation relative to the average low-flow water surface elevation of a river channel. This model was applied to a 121 km study area of the middle Sacramento River, California, USA, where it was tested as a surrogate for observed water table depth and an observed 3.3 year recurrence interval flood inundation surface using independent data sets. The modelled relative elevation topographic surface correlated significantly (p < 0.005) to observed well water depths suggesting that the modelled surface reflected a reasonable approximation of vertical distance to the water table. Results from a flood inundation pattern analysis indicated an overall accuracy of 79% for correctly predicting inundated and non-inundated zones. The model was then used to measure relative channel bank height and the distribution of riparian plant communities to examine landscape ecological relationships.     

设计降雨特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响分析

降雨是城市内涝的主要诱因之一,不同降雨特征对于城市内涝风险的影响也有所区别。为了进一步挖掘降雨特征对城市内涝风险的影响,采用综合流域排水模型（InfoWorks ICM）构建了我国南方某城市的内涝模型,系统分析了设计降雨的雨型和历时特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响。在4个重现期的3种降雨雨型和3个降雨历时条件下,共计36个不同降雨情景对研究区的内涝情况进行模拟。通过对比不同模拟情景下的积水深度、积水面积以及积水量等结果发现：在相同降雨雨型和重现期条件下,降雨历时对积水深度的影响有一定的差别;在不同降雨雨型和降雨历时模拟情景中,积水点的位置基本保持一致,而积水面积受降雨雨型和降雨历时的双重影响;峰值积水量受降雨雨型影响较大,受降雨历时影响较小,而积水总量受降雨历时影响较大,受降雨雨型影响较小。研究中量化分析了不同设计降雨特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响,旨在为合理地开展城市内涝预警以及应急管理等工作提供依据。     

Flood Inundation Modelling for Mid‐Lower Brisbane Estuary

This study utilizes a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model to calibrate and validate an inundation model for the Brisbane River estuary in Queensland, Australia. The bathymetry data used in the hydraulic model are derived from one arc second (1 s) shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model, and the two‐dimensional hydraulic model is parameterized using the generated bathymetry with four open boundaries with water level observations and roughness coefficients. The calibration performance is evaluated by comparing the simulated results with the digitized records during the January 2013 flood event (a low magnitude event) at three gauging stations. The calibrated model is validated with water level data and available discharge data during the January 2011 flood (a large magnitude event) at four gauging stations located along the Brisbane River. Different performance indices are applied to demonstrate that the developed model performs well during calibration and validation. A sensitivity analysis is presented to assess the influence of riverbed elevation changes on the model because the main uncertainty of the model is the bathymetry data. The proposed model with the shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model‐derived riverbed elevation for the Brisbane estuary is able to predict the flood inundation extent at an accuracy of 66.9% which is higher than or comparable with the accuracies of the existing studies. However, it is expected that the accuracy will increase if some improved bathymetry data become available in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accurate environmental bioindication in floodplains in spite of an extreme flood event

The ecological reaction of species on environmental factors can differ both, temporally and geographically. Therefore, bioindicator systems must be shown to remain accurate at different places and points of time. Extreme events pose challenges for testing this robustness, which has not yet been explored systematically. The unique opportunity of the extreme flooding of the river Elbe in August 2002 was used for such a test. The bioindicator system for mean groundwater depth during the vegetation period and annual duration of inundation in floodplains studied here was developed with data collected in 1999. Data from 2003 were used to analyse the dependence of the bioindication results on the humidity of the study plots and taxonomic group (plants, molluscs and carabid beetles). For the duration of inundation, the accuracy of bioindication in 2003 was similar to that in 1999, except for the medium‐humid and dry plots using molluscs as indicators. For groundwater depth, the accuracy of bioindication in 2003 was similar to that of the reference year except in the dry plots with significantly lower accuracy for all species groups. With a few exceptions, the bioindicator system is shown to be robust and to remain accurate in spite of an extreme flood event. In conclusion, the relevance of extreme events for the robustness of bioindicator systems differs between the indicated parameters and taxonomic groups. The results stress the need to take into account the limits of the working range and the occurrence of extreme events, when testing and applying bioindicator systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小湾水电站水库淹没与移民初议

小湾水电站装机容量４２０万ｋＷ，水库总库容１５１．３亿ｍ３，可进行多年调节，是澜沧江中下游河段梯级开发的关键性工程。虽然有巨大的库容，但淹没损失相对来说还是比较小的。可行性阶段统计，水库淹没耕地３７１２ｈｍ２，占涉及县总耕地面积的１．１４％，迁移农业人口３．２３万人，占涉及县总农业人口的１．５８％。水库淹没处理和移民补偿投资只占工程建设静态投资的１０．７％。水库的建设不会对当地农业生产产生大的影响，移民难度不大；水库的投资不会对工程建设起制约作用。由于水库补偿资金的注入，对促进当地经济的发展和移民的生活改善，将起重要的作用。     

Modelling floodplain inundation on a regulated river: integrating GIS,remote sensing and hydrological models

The lower River Murray in South Australia is highly regulated through weirs and water extraction for irrigation. Management of the river for environmental purposes requires an understanding of the extent of floodplain inundation from various flows and weir manipulations. This study aimed to produce a floodplain inundation model for the 600 km long and 1–5 km wide portion of the River Murray in South Australia from the New South Wales border to Lake Alexandrina. The model was developed using a Geographical Information System (GIS), remote sensing and hydrological modelling. Flood inundation extents were monitored from Landsat satellite imagery for a range of flows, interpolated to model flood growth patterns and linked to a hydrological model of the river. The resulting model can be analysed for flows ranging from minimum flow to a 1‐in‐13‐year flood event for any month and weir configuration and has been independently tested using aerial photography to an accuracy of approximately 15% underestimate. The results have proven the approach for determining flood inundation over a large area at approximately one‐tenth of the cost of detailed elevation and hydrodynamic modelling. The GIS model allows prediction of impacts on infrastructure, wetlands and floodplain vegetation, allowing quantitative analysis of flood extent to be used as an input into the management decision process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

膨胀土的浸水变形特性

使用压缩仪,对不同起始密度及不同起始含水率的膨胀土进行了分级浸水和一次性浸水膨胀变形试验,同时测试了试样在浸水前后不同压力下膨胀变形量的变化过程.试验结果表明,不同浸水路径在浸水的初期阶段对膨胀土的膨胀变形速率有一定的影响,但膨胀率最终值基本一致;浸水膨胀再压缩试验中压缩稳定后的膨胀率比先压缩再浸水膨胀试验膨胀稳定后的膨胀率要小,但变化较快,并随着压力的增大,加压后膨胀率逐渐减小,最终两种试验的膨胀率趋于一致;压力对不同初始含水率试样膨胀率的影响较小,对不同初始干密度试样的影响较大;在浸水单向膨胀试验过程中试样的干密度与膨胀率呈双曲线变化规律.     

大藤峡水利枢纽临时淹没处理研究

经大量的调查研究，对大藤峡库区临时淹没提出处理方案，特别是对制约大藤峡防洪库容选择的武宣县城的临时淹没提出较为详细的处理方案，同时对大藤峡的临时补偿政策进行了较为深入的研究，并提出切合实际的成果。