MINERALOGICAL, PORE AND PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVONIAN JAUF SANDSTONE RESERVOIR, HAWIYAH FIELD, EASTERN SAUDI ARABIA

Throughout the subsurface of the Arabian Peninsula, the approximately 460ft thick, Devonian Jauf Formation generally consists of well-compacted, low-porosity sandstones and shales, but it also includes friable and highly porous sandstones which form significant gas and condensate reservoir intervals. The mineralogy and pore properties of these reservoir intervals at the Hawiyah field (part of the giant Ghawar structure) were studied by integrating petrographic data with petrophysical measurements of reservoir sandstone samples.
The reservoir sandstones are mainly composed of quartz arenites containing small amounts of altered potassium feldspar grains, authigenic illite and chlorite. Based on the pore types, which reflect the habits of the intergranular clays, three reservoir sandstone types have been defined: Type A, characterized by macroporosity; Type B, with microporosity; and Type C, with combined laminations of Types A and B. The dominance of pore-lining clay (as in Type A) or pore-filling clay (as in Type B) is the principal factor controlling the petrophysical properties of the samples. Types A and C sandstones contain macro pores, but irreducible water saturation is high (25 to 45%) compared to clean samples elsewhere, because of the presence of micropores associated with clay. In Type B sandstones the irreducible water saturation is commonly greater than 40% because all the pores spaces are in the microporosity range. The irreducible water saturation in Type B sandstones increases rapidly as porosity decreases. When porosity is less than 10%, the corresponding permeability is 0.2 mD, but no economic production can be expected because water saturation is as high as 100%. In the producing intervals, authigenic clays result in low electrical resistivity due to high water saturation; however, water-free gas is produced.     

Practical Equivalent Continuum Model for Simulation of Jointed Rock Mass Using FLAC3D

A simple practical equivalent continuum numerical model for simulating the behavior of jointed rock mass has been extended to three-dimensional using FLAC3D. This model estimates the properties of jointed rock mass from the properties of intact rock and a joint factor (Jf), which is the integration of the properties of joints to take care of the effects of frequency, orientation, and strength of joint. A new FISH function has been written in FLAC3D specifically for modeling jointed rocks using the Duncan and Chang hyperbolic model. This model has been validated first with simple element tests at different confining pressures for different rocks with different joint configurations. Explicit modeling of the joints has also been done in element tests and results obtained compare well with the results of equivalent continuum model and also with experimental results. Further, this has been applied for a case study of a large underground power house cavern in the Himalayas. The analysis has been done under various stages of excavation, assigning a null model available in FLAC3D for simulating the excavation.     

Characterizing the deformation behavior of Tertiary sandstones

Tertiary sandstones possess deformational behavior different from hard rocks, especially the relatively larger amount of volumetric dilation during shearing. Such excess dilation contributes to the increase of crown settlement during tunnel excavation and accounts for several cases of tunnel squeezing within Tertiary sandstones. Therefore, the deformation behavior of Tertiary sandstones sampled from more than 13 formations was studied. To distinguish the volumetric deformation induced by hydrostatic stress or by shear stress as well as to decompose the elastic and the plastic components of strains, special experimental techniques, including pure shear tests and cycles of loading–unloading were applied.The experimental results reveal that the deformation of Tertiary sandstone exhibits the following characteristics: (1) significant amount of shear dilation, especially elastic shear dilation; (2) non-linear elastic and plastic deformation; (3) plastic deformation occurs prior to the failure state. Furthermore, features of plastic deformation were inferred from experimental results and, as a result, the geometry of plastic potential surface and the hardening rule were accordingly determined. A constitutive model, involving nonlinear elastic/plastic deformation and volumetric deformation induced by shear stress, is proposed. This proposed model simulates the deformational behavior for the shear-dilation-typed rocks reasonably well. Furthermore, tests on the versatility of the proposed model, including varying hydrostatic stress and stress paths, indicate that the proposed model is capable of predicting deformational behavior for various conditions.     

强冷磨削的试验研究

进行了强冷磨削和干磨削试验。试验结果表明 ,磨削温度随工件速度和磨削深度的增大而增大 ,强冷磨削可显著降低磨削温度 ,在冷却压力小于 1MPa时 ,外冷却的冷却效果优于内冷却     

Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing a single fissure after exposure to high temperatures

In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.     

断层垂向封闭模式及研究方法

在深入研究断层垂向封闭机理的基础上，建立了断层垂向封闭的三种地质模式，并利用断层面压力、断移地层的砂泥比值和断层填充物与围岩声波时差的相对关系，分别研究了三种不同地质条件下的断层垂向封闭性。实例应用表明，这些方法用于研究断层垂向封闭性是可行的。     

砂岩油藏水平井控液增油实践

塔河油田1区三叠系油藏是典型的底水油藏,进入2008年以来,随着综合含水的上升,油藏日产油水平、采油速度等指标开始明显下降,开发效果有所变差,稳产面临严峻挑战。通过加强油藏精细研究,深化油藏动态分析,实施控液治水的开发技术政策,有效的解决了制约油田稳产关健问题。研究结果对于大底水砂岩油藏开发具有重要意义。     

低渗砂岩油藏酸化解堵技术研究

介绍了低渗砂岩油藏堵塞原因,酸化解堵原理及常用的酸化解堵技术.酸化作为一种有效的增产措施在油田应用极为普遍,成功的酸化作业能够有效解除地层堵塞,恢复地层渗透率,一定程度的改变地层物性,从而达到提高采收率的目的.但是酸化作业时,作业不恰当也往往对地层产生不可逆的永久性二次伤害,大大的降低地层渗透率,严重时甚至导致油水井停产.本文通过对堵塞机理和影响砂岩酸化效果因素的研究确定了不同储层和不同伤害类型的酸化解堵工艺技术.     

砂岩单轴三轴压缩试验研究

研究了砂岩在饱和、自然、风干三种状态下的单轴抗压强度特性和三轴抗压强度特性。在单轴、三轴压缩试验中得到了应力与纵向应变、横向应变、体应变之间的关系曲线，单轴应力一纵向应变曲线在峰值前可分为3个阶段，三轴应力一纵向应变全过程曲线可分为4个阶段。根据三轴轴向应力和围压绘制丁莫尔圆，采用回归分析得到了强度准则和强度参数C、Φ值，并且分析了含水量对岩石强度的影响，其实验结果能为工程提供参考与借鉴。     

Influence of acrylic coatings on the interfacial, physical, and mechanical properties of stone-based monuments

Conservation of historical buildings is an important issue. The environmental conditions seriously affect the monumental stones. Although different coating materials were tested, the polymeric materials have been showing the most promising results for protection of archeological stones. Therefore, in the current study, the acrylic polymer was used for conservation of monuments made of sandstone and limestone. The adsorption of the acrylic polymer onto both stones was analyzed and the durability of the coatings under different environmental conditions was tested and simulated by artificial aging. Moreover, the mechanism of polymer-stone interactions was elucidated by interfacial characterization techniques.The results showed that the adsorption of polymer onto either stones is physical as shown by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and electrokinetic measurements. In addition, the presence of polymer coating shows a significant improvement in physical and mechanical properties of the treated stones, e.g., increase in bulk density from 1.9 to 2.3 g/cm³ and decrease in porosity from 15.8% to 2.7% as well as the noticeable increase in compressive strength. All these measures indicated the suitability of acrylic polymer for conservation of either stones.