A numerical model to predict the powder–binder separation during micro-powder injection molding

The micro-powder injection molding (micro-PIM) process has the potential to bridge the gap between the design and manufacturing of micro-components that are often used in small and handy devices. Numerical modeling helps to analyze and overcome various difficulties of micro-PIM. In the present work, a numerical model is developed to predict the powder–binder separation (a common defect in PIM and especially severe in micro-PIM) during the injection of an alumina feedstock. A powder–binder separation criterion is proposed dealing with applied injection pressure and friction force between the powder and binder. An indirect comparison of feedstock travel time between two locations is used to validate the model. The predicted segregation from the simulated result is supported by a qualitative experimental measurement. The developed model can be used to optimize injection parameters to get a defect-free product.     

Interplay of the phase and the chemical composition of the powder feedstock on the properties of porous 8YSZ thermal barrier coatings

Some chemical impurities enhance sintering kinetics of ceramic Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) which can cause their premature failure during operation in gas turbine engine by causing reduction in coating’s strain compliance as well as faster bond-coat oxidation due to increased thermal conductivity. Certain chemical impurities are also believed to suppress resistance to tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation in 8YSZ, which can also be an important factor regarding TBC’s performance. Most of the impurities and some of the monoclinic phase present in the powder feedstocks can survive into the as-sprayed coating. Therefore, there is a general trend towards OEMs requiring the lowest amounts of chemical impurities and the lowest amounts of monoclinic phase in the powder feedstocks. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation aimed at understanding the role and the relative importance of the chemical and phase purities of the powder feedstock for the properties and performance of thick 8YSZ TBCs.     

Bark as feedstock for dual fluidized bed gasifiers—Operability,efficiency, and economics

The demand for biofuels and biochemicals is expected to increase in the future, which will in turn increase the demand for biomass feedstock. Large gasification plants fueled with biomass feedstock are likely to be a key enabling technology in a resource‐efficient, bio‐based economy. Furthermore, the costs for producing biofuels and biochemicals in such plants could potentially be decreased by utilizing inexpensive low‐grade residual biomass as feedstock. This study investigates the usage of shredded tree bark as a feedstock for the production of biomethane in the GoBiGas demonstration plant in Gothenburg, Sweden, based on a 32 MW_th industrial dual fluidized bed gasification unit. The plant was operated with bark feedstock for 12 000 hours during the period 2014 to 2018. Data from the measurement campaign were processed using a stochastic approach to establish the plant's mass and energy balances, which were then compared with operation of the plant with wood pellets. For this comparison, an extrapolation algorithm was developed to predict plant performance using bark dried to the same moisture content as wood pellets, ie, 8%_w.b. Plant operation with bark feedstock was evaluated for operability, efficiency, and feedstock‐related cost. The gas quality achieved during the test period was similar to that obtained for operation with wood pellets. Furthermore, no significant ash sintering or agglomeration problems were observed more than 750 hours of operation. The calculated biomass‐to‐biomethane efficiency is 43% to 47% (lower heating value basis) for operation with wet bark. However, the predicted biomass‐to‐biomethane efficiency can be increased to 55%–65% for operation with bark feedstock dried to 8% moisture content, with corresponding feedstock costs in the range of 24.2 to 32.7 EUR/MWh; ie, a cost reduction of about 40% compared with wood pellets.     

基于改进GSO的裂解炉原料切换策略研究(英文)

The scheduling process of cracking furnace feedstock is important in an ethylene plant. In this paper it is described as a constraint optimization problem. The constraints consist of the cycle of operation, maximum tube metal temperature, process time of each feedstock, and flow rate. A modified group search optimizer is pro-posed to deal with the optimization problem. Double fitness values are defined for every group. First, the factor of penalty function should be changed adaptively by the ratio of feasible and general solutions. Second, the“excel-lent”infeasible solution should be retained to guide the search. Some benchmark functions are used to evaluate the new algorithm. Final y, the proposed algorithm is used to optimize the scheduling process of cracking furnace feedstock. And the optimizing result is obtained.     

不同来源渣油加氢反应性能的对比

 分别选取绥中36-1常压渣油、塔河常压渣油、抚顺减压渣油及胜利减压渣油4种渣油为原料,在高压釜反应器内进行加氢转化对比实验研究。结果表明,无论是常压渣油还是减压渣油,密度较大、沥青质含量较高、组成性质较差的原料的加氢转化反应结果较好,即渣油转化率和汽、柴油的收率较高,反应后残渣的收率较低,但焦炭产率也稍高。4种渣油加氢反应后残渣的饱和分含量均增加,芳香分含量降低。除沥青质含量很低的抚顺减压渣油外,其它3种渣油加氢反应后的沥青质与焦炭的产量之和均小于原料中的沥青质含量,说明当原料中沥青质含量较高时,加氢过程中沥青质主要发生加氢裂化反应而生成小分子组分。     

FC-32加氢裂化催化剂性能特点及工业应用

为全面考察FC-32新一代灵活型加氢裂化催化剂的反应性能,使用不同原料油在不同压力等级和不同转化深度下,对FC-32催化剂进行工艺研究。结果表明,FC-32催化剂在不同压力等级下均显示出优异的催化性能,具有很高的温度敏感性、优异的生产操作灵活性和很强的原料油适应性,可以生产低裂解性能关联指数（BMCI值）、富含链烷烃、馏出率为90%时的温度和干点较原料油显著降低的尾油蒸汽裂解制乙烯原料。2009年10月,FC-32催化剂在中国石油化工股份有限公司天津石化分公司1.8 Mt/a加氢裂化装置上成功工业应用。     

流化催化裂化原料加氢预处理技术综述

综述了流化催化裂化（FCC）原料加氢处理的目的、反应机理、催化剂和工艺流程选择以及操作模式。     

Replacing fossil oil with fresh oil – with what and for what?

Industrial chemicals and materials are currently derived mainly from fossil‐based raw materials, which are declining in availability, increasing in price and are a major source of undesirable greenhouse gas emissions. Plant oils have the potential to provide functionally equivalent, renewable and environmentally friendly replacements for these finite fossil‐based raw materials, provided that their composition can be matched to end‐use requirements, and that they can be produced on sufficient scale to meet current and growing industrial demands. Replacement of 40% of the fossil oil used in the chemical industry with renewable plant oils, whilst ensuring that growing demand for food oils is also met, will require a trebling of global plant oil production from current levels of around 139 MT to over 400 MT annually. Realisation of this potential will rely on application of plant biotechnology to (i) tailor plant oils to have high purity (preferably >90%) of single desirable fatty acids, (ii) introduce unusual fatty acids that have specialty end‐use functionalities and (iii) increase plant oil production capacity by increased oil content in current oil crops, and conversion of other high biomass crops into oil accumulating crops. This review outlines recent progress and future challenges in each of these areas. Practical applications: The research reviewed in this paper aims to develop metabolic engineering technologies to radically increase the yield and alter the fatty acid composition of plant oils and enable the development of new and more productive oil crops that can serve as renewable sources of industrial feedstocks currently provided by non‐renewable and polluting fossil‐based resources. As a result of recent and anticipated research developments we can expect to see significant enhancements in quality and productivity of oil crops over the coming decades. This should generate the technologies needed to support increasing plant oil production into the future, hopefully of sufficient magnitude to provide a major supply of renewable plant oils for the industrial economy without encroaching on the higher priority demand for food oils. Achievement of this goal will make a significant contribution to moving to a sustainable carbon‐neutral industrial society with lower emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and reduced environmental impact as a result.     

焦化原料泵机封失效分析及改进

惠州炼油焦化装置螺杆原料泵机械密封在使用过程中出现频繁泄漏。使用寿命非常短,严重影响装置的平稳生产。为彻底解决此问题,文章通过对机械密封泄漏原因进行分析并提出了改进方案,彻底解决泄漏问题。     

国内外电炉钛渣制备氯化原料研究进展

介绍了电炉钛渣的特点和生产现状,综述了国内外电炉钛渣制备氯化原料研究进展,认为钛渣-氧化还原改性-酸浸法和钛渣-添加剂改性-选矿分离法是钛渣升级制备氯化原料的主要方法。