含油页岩不同极性试剂连续抽提物饱和烃组成特征

页岩中不同赋存状态原油的分离成为当前较为关注的问题。采用极性逐渐增强的正己烷、二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷对祁连山木里煤田钻孔的含油页岩样品进行连续抽提,对各抽提物分别做族组分和定量色谱—质谱分析。研究结果表明:正己烷冷浸泡抽提物主要为页岩内自由态烃类,以饱和烃为主;而三氯甲烷索氏抽提物则主要为吸附态烃类,其中极性组分含量高,且碳数较高的正构烷烃丰度高;随溶剂极性的增加,连续抽提物生标参数C_(29)ααα甾烷20S/(20S+20R)与C_(24)四环萜烷/C_(26)三环萜烷比值逐渐增加,而C_(21)/C_(23)三环萜烷比值逐渐减小,但C_(23)三环萜烷/C_(30)藿烷和C_(31)升藿烷22S/(22S+22R)比值基本保持不变,另外部分参数比值则表现为无规律性的变化;尽管各种抽提物烃类组成和分子参数存在一定的差异,但各类化合物分布模式和部分参数值差异很小,表明3种连续抽提物(不同赋存状态的烃类)均为页岩内本源烃,而非外来烃。     

基于构造差异的页岩孔隙结构与吸附能力表征

运用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和N2/CO2等温吸附方法,文中对黔北地区不同构造区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩的孔隙特征进行表征,并且基于构造差异深入分析了其孔隙结构及甲烷吸附能力.研究表明:相比于高陡构造区,低缓构造区孔径以双峰分布为主,并且发育较多的微裂隙有机质孔隙、与黏土矿物紧密结合的有机质孔隙以及粒间孔隙,而刚性矿...     

济阳坳陷页岩油勘探实践与前景展望

济阳坳陷页岩油是在新生代陆相断陷咸化湖盆沉积的半深湖—深湖相富有机质、富碳酸盐页岩中富集的中—低、中—高演化程度的页岩油,丰度高、资源潜力大,与北美海相盆地和国内其他陆相盆地页岩油有所不同。回顾济阳坳陷页岩油50年的勘探历程,可分为勘探偶遇、主动探索、创新突破3个阶段,目前已在东营凹陷沙河街组沙四上亚段、沾化凹陷沙三下亚段取得了中等热演化程度富碳酸盐纹层基质型、高热演化程度富碳酸盐纹层状—层状基质型等多层系、多类型页岩油勘探的战略性突破,同时低热演化程度富碳酸盐纹层基质型页岩油也取得重要进展。通过近10年的科研攻关与勘探实践,提出济阳坳陷页岩岩相划分方案,取得富有机质页岩储集性、含油性、可动性、可压裂性创新性认识,建立济阳坳陷页岩油“四性”为核心的20项参数地质评价体系,配套地质、工程甜点地球物理预测与钻井工程、压裂工艺技术,形成了适合济阳坳陷地质特点的页岩油“一体化”运行管理模式,有效指导了济阳坳陷页岩油勘探实践。     

新型封堵剂FDJ-EF封堵特性及其作用机理

封堵近井壁微裂缝是避免硬脆性泥页岩地层井壁失稳的有效手段之一.在分析各类型水基钻井液防塌封堵剂的基础上,优化研制出一种新型热塑性聚酯类封堵剂FDJ-EF;通过具有模拟微裂缝金属缝板的高温高压封堵仪,评价FDJ-EF的封堵效果,证明其在较宽的温度范围(80～140℃)内具有优异的封堵性能,且其封堵能力强于目前常用的防塌封堵剂(聚乙二醇、乳化石蜡、乳化沥青);通过荧光光度计分析,FDJ-EF无荧光显示;通过封堵特征微观观察及粒度分布测量等实验手段,探讨了FDJ-EF的封堵机理.结果表明,其封堵机理主要为:在软化温度范围内,FDJ-EF封堵粒子在压差作用下软化变形,与其他固相颗粒一同挤入微裂缝内,在短时间内形成致密的封堵层,一方面阻碍了压力和滤液传递,一方面增强了黏土矿物的胶结强度.     

Organic geochemistry of the British Kimmeridge Clay: 1. Composition of shale oils produced from Kimmeridge sediments

A series of shale oils produced by Fischer assay of Upper Jurassic Kimmeridgian oil shales, claystones and cementstones from on-shore Britain has been analysed. Oil yields are related to lithology via the quantity of sedimentary organic matter present in each lithologic unit, and also to stratigraphic horizon for certain rich, laterally uniform and persistent units. Shale oils are dark and sulphurous, containing < 50% hydrocarbons. NSO compounds are relatively important in the chromatographically separable fractions, while aliphatic hydrocarbons are usually subordinate. Unimodal normal alkane distributions maximize around nC16, while bimodal distributions have a secondary maximum around nC29. Many alkane gas chromatograms are characterized by a prominent peak due to the nC23 alkane. Certain compositional features are of pyrolytic origin (aromatics, heterocompounds, alkenes), while others are determined by the organic sedimentary input (alkane distributions, prominent nC23 alkane). Broad similarity in geochemical parameters suggests a consistency in the composition of sedimented organic matter. Smaller-scale compositional variations are thought to result from minor fluctuations in the composition of the organic sedimentary input, for example changes in the amount of terrestrial organic detritus reaching the depocentre. Results suggest a dominantly algal or bacterial organic matter source continuously operative throughout much of the Upper Jurassic over the entire region, with a smaller, more variable magnitude contribution from terrestrial sources, probably deposited in a near-shore marine shelf-sea environment under anoxic conditions.     

Pyrolysis of model compounds on spent oil shales, minerals and charcoal: Implications for shale oil composition

Aliphatic compounds (alkanes, alkenes, alkanoic acids, ketones, alcohols and amines) were passed through beds of spent oil shales (Condor brown, Condor carbonaceous, Julia Creek), minerals (quartz, calcite, K-feldspar, pyrite, kaolinite) and charcoal at temperatures of 300–600 °C and the products were analysed by g.c.m.s. All the materials catalysed isomerization, aromatization and cracking to varying degrees: non-clay minerals < kaolinite ≈ spent oil shales < charcoal. Products included branched alkanes, isomeric alkenes, nitriles, ketones and alkyl-substituted benzenes, naphthalenes, pyridines, phenols, thiophenes and pyrroles. These compounds occur in shale oils and may be derived from secondary reactions of aliphatic products arising from kerogen cracking.     

An analytical model for real gas flow in shale nanopores with non‐circular cross‐section

An analytical model for gas transport in shale media is proposed on the basis of the linear superposition of convective flow and Knudsen diffusion, which is free of tangential momentum accommodation coefficient. The present model takes into the effect of pore shape and real gas, and is successfully validated against experimental data and Lattice–Boltzmann simulation results. Gas flow in noncircular nanopores can be accounted by a dimensionless geometry correction factor. In continuum‐flow regime, pore shape has a relatively minor impact on gas transport capacity; the effect of pore shape on gas transport capacity enhances significantly with increasing rarefaction. Additionally, gas transport capacity is strongly dependent of average pore size and streamline tortuosity. We also show that the present model without using weighted factor can describe the variable contribution of convective flow and Knudsen diffusion to the total flow. As pressure and pore radius decrease, the number of molecule‐wall collisions gradually predominates over the number of intermolecule collisions, and thus Knudsen diffusion contributes more to the total flow. The parameters in the present model can be determined from independent laboratory experiments. We have the confidence that the present model can provide some theoretical support in numerical simulation of shale gas production. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2893–2901, 2016     

云母和页岩对铁尾矿基多孔保温材料微观性能的影响

为了高附加值地利用铁尾矿,实验以铁尾矿、页岩和云母为基材并添加适量的长石和发泡剂,通过烧结的方法制备铁尾矿基多孔保温材料。采用TGA法分析云母和页岩掺量对粉料低共熔温度和烧成温度的影响,利用XRD、SEM研究云母和页岩比例的变化对铁尾矿基多孔保温材料矿物组成和形貌的影响。结果表明云母-页岩二元体系中云母含量的增加会降低试样的低共熔温度和烧成温度;页岩含量的增加能促使更多的石英参与反应生成斜长石,试样中斜长石的含量略有增加,石英则有所降低;试样内部含有大量分布均匀的气孔,最大孔的孔径约为2mm,在大气孔之间和内部存在许多小气孔。     

油页岩制油残渣制备氧化铝及其铝浸出率的研究

以抚顺东露天油页岩制油残渣为原料,用酸提法制备氧化铝,采用单因素考察法确定了抚顺东露天油页岩残渣提取氧化铝的酸溶反应最佳工艺条件为:煅烧温度850℃,煅烧时间1h,所需原料粒度0.074mm,盐酸浓度为12%,液固比为5∶1,酸溶反应温度100℃,反应时间1.5h,各项工艺指标在最佳工艺条件下,Al2O3浸出率为81.75%;采用均相化学沉淀法由酸溶反应得到的氯化铝滤液制备氧化铝的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度55℃,偏铝酸钠浓度0.4mol/L,乙酸乙酯与铝离子物质的量之比为1.7∶1,反应时间1.5h,表面活性剂的用量为总体系质量的0.3%。采用激光粒度分布仪、X射线衍射仪、X射线荧光光谱仪对所制得的产物氧化铝进行了表征和分析研究。     

涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术

涪陵页岩气田是我国第一个投入商业化开发的国家级页岩气示范区,与北美相比,涪陵地区地表条件、地质条件和页岩气储层特征更加复杂、储层埋藏更深,开发初期钻井机械钻速低、钻井周期长、成本高。为此开展了涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术研究,形成了集水平井组钻井工程优化设计、水平井优快钻井技术、国产低成本油基钻井液、满足大型压裂要求的长水平段水平井固井技术、山地特点\"井工厂\"钻井技术以及绿色环保钻井技术为核心的页岩气水平井组优快钻井技术体系。在涪陵页岩气田推广应用了290口井,完井256口,平均单井机械钻速提高了182%,平均单井钻井周期缩短了55%,平均单井钻井成本降低了34%。为涪陵页岩气田年50亿m~3一期产能建设的顺利完成提供了强有力的技术支撑,对我国页岩气规模开发提供了重要的借鉴和引领作用。