Enhancement of a global lake and reservoir database to aid climate studies and resource monitoring utilizing satellite radar altimetry

Here, we describe the expansion and enhancement of a large (surface area ≥100 km²) lake and reservoir database (1.GREALD). These efforts have also resulted in the spin-off of two additional databases, one containing lakes and reservoirs (2.GREALD, area 10–99 km²), and the other containing ephemeral lakes (3.GELD, area ≥100 km²). These databases are unique sources for projects that utilize satellite radar altimeter data to monitor surface water levels. While 1.GREALD aims to be a complete catalog, 2.GREALD focuses on reservoirs in response to applied sciences programs that monitor water and energy resources. The creation of 3.GELD has climate change objectives as well as water resources and ecosystem conservation applications. The recording of information pertaining to the potential overpasses (waterbody crossings) of the current and archive satellite altimeters is a primary objective as is the need to highlight any form of controlled water level variation. The permanent water databases now contain 6282 entries, half experience some form of anthropogenic influence and ～430 have been identified as potential climatically sensitive terminal lakes. The revised integral surface area distribution is a power law with exponent ?1.016. Statistics reveal that with altimetric repeat visit times of 10-day to monthly, at least 80% of the permanent water bodies (≥10 km²) have been overflown at some period since the 1990s. Current information on water use and reservoir formation date show that the primary use of the reservoir class is hydroelectric power, and that China, Brazil, India, Turkey, and Vietnam dominate the dam building in recent decades.     

“西风东渐”的在地实践：汉口租界 园林钩沉

汉口在19世纪中叶第二次鸦片战争后被辟为通商口 岸，各国租界相继设立，租界园林应运而生，在引入各宗主国 园林营造风格的同时，为在留外人提供了亟须的生活与娱乐空 间，也是彰显殖民政治霸权的窗口。但有限的土地资源、水患 频仍的自然条件，使汉口租界园林规模与发展远不及上海、天 津等沿海通商口岸城市，也相应形成了鲜明的“在地性”：各 国租界园林以建筑附属园林为主，甚至催生了屋顶花园的园林 类型，但也限制了宗主国园林营造风格的充分植入；“公园” 这一在其他城市租界早已普及的园林形式，在有效控制水患、 进而获得更多可资利用的建设用地之后，才在20世纪20年代 经由日本人之手有所建置。此外，各国租界出于营商便利沿长 江串联排布，并随之形成了近代汉口特有的外滩“绿带”风景 线。汉口租界园林奠定了近代以租界为轴心的绿地系统雏形， 促进了华界屋顶花园、营商经营性园林的建设，对汉口的近代 化发展具有重要的历史意义。     

巴金期刊编辑思想的主体影响溯源

作为著名作家和出色的编辑家、出版家的巴金,在期刊编辑生涯中遇到各色对自己后来期刊编辑思想的形成产生重要影响的人物,这些人物在巴金的期刊编辑思想形成中起到了举足轻重的作用.     

高承压、大流速地下水对立井冻结的影响及处理

高家堡煤矿主井采用冻结法施工,在冻结钻孔施工期间,地下承压水从钻孔环形空间涌出到地面,直接影响了钻孔施工。在冻结初期和中后期,采取有效措施,克服了高承压、大流速地下水对冻结的影响,确保了井筒冻结和掘砌施工安全顺利进行,为类似地层冻结施工积累了经验。     

剧烈变化的径流对九龙江河口流动特性的影响

为了认识不同径流与潮流博弈引发的河口流动特性的变化规律,采用数学模型和大型河口物理模型耦合的方法,系统研究了九龙江下游北溪浦南水文站、西溪郑店水文站以下广大河口区域的流场及水位场的变化。结果表明,天然状态下,当九龙江径流为15 540、2 896、374m3/s且河口恰遇典型日天文大潮时,潮流界分别位于甘文尾后的红树林海洋自然保护区、南北中港以及西溪河道的渡头村和北溪河道的科坑村,径流变化可使潮流界上溯约35km;不同径流条件下河口三角洲的南港、中港、北港行洪和纳潮的分流比及流动特性发生显著变化;九龙江葫芦状河口及厦门岛周边存在径流对潮位影响的分界区,厦门岛北支口门区域受九龙江北溪和西溪径流影响很小。     

The culture at work: cultural ergonomics

Abstract

With the subject matter of ergonomics increasingly broadly conceived, a need is suggested for the systematization and codification of cultural influences on the wide-ranging elements of the field. Pertinent types of systematic analysis, basic and applied research, and training are viewed as necessary, both (a) to generate new knowledge, and (b) to develop culturally appropriate user applications that are important for varied work environments world-wide.     

Social influences related to college students’ use of Macintosh computers on an all-PC campus

In the present qualitative research study, 35 Mac users were interviewed in a university campus that exclusively supports PC machines. We particularly explored the Mac-users’ social influences, saving technological and other influences for future reports. Results showed Mac users to possess significant connections with other Mac users on the university campus. The Mac users in our study indicated that positive, past exposure, including Apple’s advertising of Macs, had sharp influences on their decisions to become and remain Mac users.     

Predicting Greek adolescents’ intentions to smoke: A focus on normative processes.

Objective: To examine the effects of normative influences on adolescent smoking in Greece, a country with weak social norms against smoking and relatively ineffective tobacco control policies. Design: A cross-sectional survey methodology was employed, and a representative sample of Greek high school students was recruited (N = 1,920, M age = 14 years). Main Outcome Measures: Normative beliefs, attitudes, perceived behavioral control, self-esteem, and intentions to smoke. Results: Multiple-regression and mediation analyses were conducted. The effects of public smoking on intentions to smoke were mediated by beliefs of perceived prevalence of smoking among peers, subjective norms, and situational temptations. Self-esteem significantly moderated the effects of subjective norms on intentions to smoke. Conclusions: Prosmoking norms in one’s environment become internalized into biased normative beliefs about smoking, and increase susceptibility to smoke under social pressure. The effect of subjective norms on intentions to smoke was stronger among adolescents with low self-esteem, suggesting that self-esteem may act as a vulnerability factor in the process of smoking initiation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aggressive versus nonaggressive antisocial behavior: Distinctive etiological moderation by age.

Research has supported the existence of distinct behavioral patterns, demographic correlates, and etiologic mechanisms for aggressive (AGG) versus nonaggressive but delinquent (DEL) antisocial behavior. Though behavioral genetic studies have the potential to further crystallize these dimensions, inconsistent results have limited their contribution. These inconsistencies may stem in part from the limited attention paid to the impact of age. In the current study, the authors thus examined age-related etiological moderation of AGG and DEL antisocial behavior in a sample of 720 sibling pairs (ranging in age from 10 to 18 years) with varying degrees of genetic relatedness. Results reveal that the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on AGG remained stable across adolescence. By contrast, genetic influences on DEL increased dramatically with age, whereas shared environmental influences decreased. Subsequent longitudinal analyses fully replicated these results. Such findings highlight etiological distinctions between aggression and delinquency, and offer insights into the expression of genetic influences during development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

析美国量化宽松货币政策对中国经济的影响

新一轮的数据表明:美国的量化宽松政策已经给美国的经济带来积极的影响———失业率的降低;相比较而言,该政策对我国经济产生的影响却不尽人意。诚然,美国该政策对我国经济将产生的影响以及应采取怎样的措施,成为了不可回避的焦点。本文将从宏观、中观(电力行业为例)以及微观三个方面对该问题进行初步的阐述。