“聚龙一号”装置四层圆盘锥磁绝缘传输线的三维粒子模拟研究

介绍了"聚龙一号"中四层圆盘锥磁绝缘传输线(MITL)的基本理论。在CPIPIC平台上,采用非均匀网格和周期性对称边界条件,建立了"聚龙一号"的四层圆盘锥MITL的三维粒子模拟模型。设置相应的参数并用并行算法模拟得到了该器件中各层在绝缘堆上和MITL中间位置的电流和汇流后的电流,并与理论和实验数据进行相互对比验证。模拟结果表明整个器件在达到磁绝缘状态后具有很高的传输效率,并与实验结果相互验证,为以后进一步的研究提供了保证。     

Particle-in-cell simulation for effect of anode temperature on discharge characteristics of a Hall effect thruster

Propellant gas flow has an important impact on the ionization and acceleration process of Hall effect thrusters (HETs). In this paper, a particle-in-cell numerical method is used to study the effect of the anode temperature, i.e., the flow speed of the propellant gas, on the discharge characteristics of a HET. The simulation results show that, no matter the magnitude of the discharge voltage, the calculated variation trends of performance parameters with the anode temperature are in good agreement with the experimental ones presented in the literature. Further mechanism analysis indicates that the magnitude of the electron temperature is responsible for the two opposing variation laws found under different discharge voltages. When the discharge voltage is low, the electron temperature is low, and so is the intensity of the propellant ionization; the variation of the thruster performance with the anode temperature is thereby determined by the variation of the neutral density that affects the propellant utilization efficiency. When the discharge voltage is high, the electron temperature is large enough to guarantee a high degree of the propellant utilization no matter the magnitude of the anode temperature. The change of the thruster performance with the anode temperature is thus dominated by the change of the electron temperature and consequently the electron-neutral collisions as well as the electron cross-field mobility that affect the current utilization efficiency.     

Effect of the Discharge Voltage on the Performance of the Hall Thruster

In this paper,a two-dimensional physical model is established according to the discharging process in the Hall thruster discharge channel using the particle-in-cell method.The influences of discharge voltage on the distributions of potential,ion radial flow,and discharge current are investigated in a fixed magnetic field configuration.It is found that,with the increase of discharge voltage,especially during 250-650 V,the ion radial flow and the collision frequency between ions and the wall are decreased,but the discharge current is increased.The electron temperature saturation is observed between 400-450 V and the maximal value decreases during this region.When the discharge voltage reaches 700 V,the potential distribution in the axis direction expands to the anode significantly,the ionization region becomes close to the anode,and the acceleration region grows longer.Besides,ion radial flow and the collision frequency between ions and the wall are also increased when the discharge voltage exceeds 650 V.     

Numerical Simulation of Pulse Shortening in RBWOs

Pulse shortening hinders improvement of microwave output energy for high power microwave tubes. So far, it is also an unresolved problem in the field of high power microwave devices.In this paper, relativistic backward wave tube (RBWO) is treated as an example to study the pulse shortening phenomena. The influences of gas existing in the tube and explosive emission in inner surface of RBWO are all investigated by means of the particle-in-cell method. Through the simulation results, it can be predicted that the background gas in the tube is one but not the most important factor resulting in pulse shortening, in order to broaden the pulse width of gas-filled RBWO, the pressure of the filled gas must be controlled in a proper value. The explosive emission in the surface of slow wave structure due to intense electric field is one of the most important factors causing pulse shortening in high power microwave tube.Some methods to overcome this kind of explosive emission are also given.     

An effective method to increase bandwidth of EIK at 0.34 THz

To increase the bandwidth of Extended Interaction Klystron (EIK) at 0.34 THz, the method of staggered tuning on cavities’ configurations is proposed. Based on the analysis of phase relationship between gap voltage and the bunched beam, the buncher cavities in EIK are reasonably staggered-tuned to achieve various resonance frequencies, which is helpful to flat the gain response of the whole device. The characteristics of output cavities with different numbers of gaps are then researched and the issue of start current for the self-oscillation mode is also involved, leading to the optimum number of gaps to enhance the interaction and avoid the instability. By comparing the performances of various typical stagger-tuned models, the final configuration is accordingly confirmed. Particle-in-cell simulation is eventually applied to study performance of the optimised structure, whose gain is 34.8 dB in peak and ?3 dB bandwidth reaches about 500 MHz, which is double that of the synchronous-tuned structure.     

激光核聚变中自生磁场与热输运的粒子模拟

利用相对论电磁粒子模拟程序研究了超强激光与等离子体相互作用过程中产生的自生磁场和电子热输运特性。讨论了自生磁场产生机制和非线性饱和过程。给出了自生磁场的线性增长率和各向异性参数之间的函数关系,用Spitzer-Harm理论分析了电子热传导中能量的运输情况,观察到由激光的非等方加热引起的电子纵向加热现象。细致研究这些过程对更好的理解快点火物理中自生磁场的产生、超热电子热输运等过程有重要意义。     

爆炸式发射二极管的粒子模拟研究

分析了爆炸式发射的物理机理,在二维Yee网格模型的基础上推导出了爆炸式发射的发射条件及逃离阴极表面的粒子电荷的计算公式,讨论了在程序中如何用唯相的方法来描述爆炸式发射的二维粒子模拟实现过程,并以向内发射同轴二极管为例从其电流电压关系及电子束运动特性方面验证了模拟的正确性。     

等离子体断路开关工作仿真及特性分析

为了研究有、无外磁场的低密度等离子体断路开关(POS)工作特性,利用单元粒子(PIC)方法模拟了POS中电场和磁场的时空变化、等离子体电子的动力学行为和特性。通过对POS工作过程中的两极间的EMHD运动及其导致的磁场渗透、磁绝缘、动态过程中密度不均匀造成的不规则运动、场畸变等物理现象的分析,研究了POS的断路过程。仿真结果表明:外加时不变均匀角向磁场,提前了电流向负载转移的时刻、减小了电流损失,且未提高负载电流陡度,断路时在负载端得到更高的电压。研究为设计、改进POS结构和提高其断路性能提供了参考依据。     

Three-dimensional simulation of field emission triode structure using carbon-nanotube emitters

Field emission (FE) triode arrays with the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the field emitters are successfully fabricated and analyzed. Both the experimental measurement and numerical calculation are conducted to examine the electron conduction properties of AAO-CNTs. Using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain particle-in-cell method, a set of Maxwell equations and Lorentz equation is solved self-consistently, where the FE current is computed with Fowler–Nordheim equation. We explore the FE characteristics of AAO-CNTs in the triode structure. After calibration with the measured data, we study the evolution of current density and the convergence of the electron beams on anode plate with different gate voltages, anode heights, and SiO₂ thickness. The current density and focus performance maintain a trade-off relationship, where a larger current density accompanies more divergent electron beam.