Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia in Children: A Model of Precision Medicine and Chemotherapy-Free Therapy

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) represents a paradigm of precision medicine. Indeed, in the last decades, the introduction of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) completely revolutionized the therapeutic approach to this previously highly fatal disorder. This entirely chemotherapy-free treatment, which provided excellent survival rates, has been initially validated in adults and, recently, translated in the pediatric setting. This review summarizes currently available data on the use of ATRA and ATO combination in pediatric APL, providing a particular focus on peculiar issues and challenges, such as the occurrence of pseudotumor cerebri and death during induction (early death), as well as the advantage offered by the ATO/ATRA combination in sparing long-term sequelae.     

Engineering 2D Arsenic-Phosphorus Theranostic Nanosheets

As an anticancer drugs, arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been certified to efficiently treat refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Unfortunately it suffers from limited therapeutic potency for solid tumors due to its in vivo restricted administration dose and rapid renal clearance. Herein, distinct 2D arsenic-phosphorus (AsP) nanosheets are engineered by adopting an alloy strategy followed by exfoliation, which can confine toxic arsenic into AsP crystals, thus significantly improving the biosafety and biocompatibility of arsenic-based chemotherapeutic drugs. Of particular note, the high light absorption and strong photothermal-conversion efficiency (37.6%) in the second near infrared biowindow (NIR-II) of AsP nanosheets not only endow them with desirable contrast-enhanced photoacoustic imaging properties, but also achieve efficient local tumor hyperthermia, which further synergistically triggers the in-situ transformation from low toxic/nontoxic AsP crystals into highly toxic arsenic species, exerting a strong arsenic-mediated antineoplastic effect. Both in vitro and in vivo data verify the synergy between photonic therapy in NIR-II and enhanced chemotherapy as enabled by AsP nanosheets, paving the way for efficient nanomedicine-enabled arsenic-based chemotherapeutic tumor treatment.     

干巴菌中部分重金属元素及无机砷、 甲基汞含量分析

目的检测干巴菌中5种重金属总砷、总汞、铅、镉、铬及无机砷和甲基汞的含量,探讨干巴菌对重金属的生物富集作用。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测总砷、总汞、铅、镉含量,采用液相原子荧光光度计联用检测无机砷、甲基汞的含量。结果 31份干巴菌样品中总砷、总汞、铅、镉的检出率均为100%,无机砷的检出率为50%,甲基汞在全部样品中均未检出。昆明的干巴菌样品中砷含量较高,达0.46 mg/kg;曲靖的干巴菌中铅含量有0.9997 mg/kg;镉含量较高,为0.46 mg/kg。结论总体来看不同地区的干巴菌中总砷、总汞、镉、铬、无机砷和甲基汞的含量处于较低水平,但铅含量偏高。干巴菌对重金属没有特异性吸收富集能力。     

有色冶炼二次含砷物料碱法脱砷工艺现状

分析了典型二次含砷物料化学成分特点,概括了当前有色冶炼工业中产生的二次含砷物料碱法脱砷工艺及原理,主要包括湿法脱砷工艺和火法—湿法联合脱砷工艺。其中,碱法脱砷工艺常用NaOH单碱浸出、NaOH-Na_2S混合碱浸出和NaOH+Na_2S混合碱两段浸出三种体系,并采用双氧水、加压、曝气、微波、球磨等氧化手段强化砷的浸出;火法—湿法联合脱砷工艺主要有低温碱性熔炼—水浸、焙烧预氧化—碱性浸出以及低温碱性焙烧—热水浸出工艺,低温碱性焙烧—热水浸出工艺选择性脱砷效果好,物料普适性广。最后,结合现有研究指出了碱法脱砷工艺存在的问题及二次含砷物料无害化、资源化研究方向。     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米中无机砷的不确定度评估

目的评估液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LC-ICPMS)测定大米中无机砷的不确定度。方法采用LC-ICPMS测定大米中As~Ⅲ和As~Ⅴ含量,建立数学模型,并从测量重复性、样品称量、提取液移取体积、标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合等方面进行测量不确定度的计算。结果大米样品中As~Ⅲ、As~Ⅴ、i-As的含量分别为0.180、0.014、0.194 mg/kg,在95%的置信区间下,其扩展不确定度为0.003、0.002、0.028 mg/kg, k=2。结论测量过程中的不确定度主要来源于测量的重复性、标准溶液的配制和曲线拟合,需要在测量过程中加以注意。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米中无机砷的不确定度评定

目的评定液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米中无机砷的不确定度。方法采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米中无机砷含量,并根据该分析过程的测量数学模型从测量重复性、样品称量、样品空白、提取液移取体积、标准溶液配制、提取液中i-As浓度和回收率等方面进行测量不确定度的计算。结果大米粉样品中As~(Ⅲ),As~(Ⅴ),i-As的含量分别为0.045、0.154、0.199 mg/kg,在95%的置信区间下,其扩展不确定度为0.006、0.012、0.030 mg/kg,k=2。测量过程中的不确定度主要来源于测定的重复性、提取液中无机砷含量的计算、标准溶液的配制和方法的回收率。结论所建立数学模型可对高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定固体样品中无机砷测量的不确定度进行合理的评定。     

原子荧光光度法测定卤味香膏中砷含量的不确定度评定

评价氢化物原子荧光光度法测定卤味香膏中砷含量的不确定度。方法 根据实验流程，分析实验过程中不确定度来源，评定不确定度分量，最后计算合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果 当卤味香膏样品中砷的含量为0.46 mg/kg 时, 扩展不确定度U=0.04 mg/kg，(k=2)。结论 氢化物原子荧光光度法测定卤味香膏样品中砷的含量时，对不确定度影响较大的是标准曲线拟合和标准溶液配制， 这两项分量占总不确定度的68.77 %；测定重复性和仪器校准次之，样品称量和试样定容影响较小。实验中要准确配制标准溶液，绘制合理标准曲线，关注线性范围，线性相关系数应大于0.997，保证检测结果的准确性。     

湿法磷酸净化脱砷的研究现状

随着食品、医药及电子行业的不断发展，磷酸及磷酸盐的市场需求量不断增大，并且对磷酸的品质要求也越来越高，尤其是对湿法磷酸中砷杂质的要求，湿法磷酸中砷的含量将直接影响其在磷精细化工领域的应用，因此湿法磷酸中砷的高效、安全去除是亟待解决的一大难题。本文主要对湿法净化磷酸脱砷技术的研究情况进行综述，比较了几种湿法净化磷酸脱砷工艺的优缺点，介绍了较常见的化学沉淀法、结晶法，以及新兴的电沉积法、垂直区域熔融法和微反应器脱砷工艺的应用前景，并指出这些新兴的脱砷工艺将成为今后湿法磷酸的净化脱砷的发展方向，如能解决将这些脱砷工艺在实际中的问题，将会对磷酸工业的发展提供一个更有力的支持。     

有色金属工业含砷污染物处理研究进展

综述了有色金属工业砷污染物的来源及其无害化处理的方法,分析了包封固砷(水泥固化和玻璃固化)和矿物固砷(钙盐、铝盐、镁盐、硫化沉淀法)的优缺点和局限性,重点对将砷以臭葱石形式进行安全处理的合成方法和浸出稳定性的研究现状进行阐述。分析表明,晶态臭葱石合成是将砷以臭葱石形式进行安全处置的基础,稳定性是关键,进一步降低溶液过饱和度以实现大尺寸、高稳定性臭葱石的合成是发展方向。     

Genetic Carriers and Genomic Distribution of cadA6—A Novel Variant of a Cadmium Resistance Determinant Identified in Listeria spp.

Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen responsible for severe cases of food poisoning. Listeria spp. strains occurring in soil and water environments may serve as a reservoir of resistance determinants for pathogenic L. monocytogenes strains. A large collection of Listeria spp. strains (155) isolated from natural, agricultural, and urban areas was screened for resistance to heavy metals and metalloids, and the presence of resistance determinants and extrachromosomal replicons. Of the tested strains, 35% were resistant to cadmium and 17% to arsenic. Sequence analysis of resistance plasmids isolated from strains of Listeria seeligeri and Listeria ivanovii, and the chromosome of L. seeligeri strain Sr73, identified a novel variant of the cadAC cadmium resistance efflux system, cadA6, that was functional in L. monocytogenes cells. The cadA6 cassette was detected in four Listeria species, including strains of L. monocytogenes, isolated from various countries and sources—environmental, food-associated, and clinical samples. This resistance cassette is harbored by four novel composite or non-composite transposons, which increases its potential for horizontal transmission. Since some cadAC cassettes may influence virulence and biofilm formation, it is important to monitor their presence in Listeria spp. strains inhabiting different environments.