浅析交际法对英语写作教学改革的影响

从传统的成果教学法发展到目前颇为流行的过程教学法。外语写作教学愈来愈注重交际．交际法是具有全球影响的外语教学方法和途径。过程教学法在一定程度上反映了交际教学思想，所以它在中国英语写作教学的具体实践中所遇到的问题也与交际法遇到的问题不谋而合。     

A simple example of an indirect estimator with discontinuous limit theory in the MA(1) model

Indirect estimators usually emerge from two‐step optimization procedures. Each step in such a procedure may induce complexities in the asymptotic theory of the estimator. In this note, we are occupied with a simple example in which the estimator defined by the inversion of the binding function has a ‘discontinuous’ limit theory even in cases where the auxiliary one does not. This example lives in the framework of estimation of the MA (1) parameter. The ‘discontinuities’ involve the dependence of the rate of convergence on the parameter, the non‐continuity of the limit distribution w.r.t. the parameter and the estimator's non‐regularity. We are also occupied with a more complex example where the discontinuities occur because of complexities induced in any step of the defining procedure. We present some Monte Carlo evidence on the quality of the approximations from the limit distributions. Copyright © 2014 Wiley Publishing Ltd     

正交胶合木销槽承压强度试验研究

正交胶合木(CLT)是一种绿色建材,具有可预制和正交各向异性等特点,应用前景非常广阔,而目前关于CLT力学参数的研究还处于起步阶段。通过对64组共计128个加拿大铁杉CLT试件开展半孔静力加载试验,得到试件的竖向荷载-位移曲线、破坏模态和销槽承压强度,分析了销栓直径、销栓与拼缝的位置关系、加载角度等多种变量对CLT销槽承压强度的影响。结果表明：销栓直径越小,销槽承压强度越大,销栓垂直于表层板且加载角度为90°时,拼缝降低了销槽承压强度,销栓垂直于表层板的承压强度大于销栓平行于表层板的承压强度。将试验结果分别与加拿大规范CSA O86-19、美国规范NDS-2018、美国CLT手册和《正交胶合木（CLT）结构技术指南》中销槽承压强度计算公式得到的计算结果进行对比,得到试验值与采用规范/手册相关公式计算结果的比值为0.46~2.38。在试验结果的基础上,对上述规范中销槽承压强度计算方法进行整合,汇总了适用于多种工况下加拿大铁杉CLT销槽承压强度的建议公式,试验值与建议公式计算值比值区间在1.10~1.57。     

Capacity of SSTS for downlink‐distributed antenna systems in multicell environment

We put forward a novel single selection transmission scheme based on maximum desired signal criterion and investigate the capacity of distributed antenna systems in multicell environment. However, for most of the recent literatures, the interference plus noise is treated as Gaussian random variable with fixed variance by the central limit theorem, which ignores the effect of the short‐term fading on interference. To avoid it, non‐central limit theorem is adopted in which the variance of interference plus noise is considered as a random variable with changeable variance influenced by the short‐term fading. Moreover, channels are assumed to suffer from independent identical Rayleigh fading together with propagation path loss, and the closed‐form expression of capacity for distributed antenna systems is derived. Finally, extensive simulations are carried out to validate the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改性骨架镍催化2-氯-5-硝基甲苯-4-磺酸加氢制备CLT酸

以铁、铬改性骨架镍为催化剂,在中性至偏碱性水溶液中催化2-氯-5-硝基甲苯-4-磺酸液相选择加氢制备2-氯-5-氨基甲苯-4-磺酸(CLT酸)。结果表明,该催化剂在保持较高活性(原料转化率为100%)的同时,能有效抑制脱氯副反应,使目标产物的选择性均保持在98.9%以上,脱氯副产物摩尔分数为0.5%;催化剂连续套用49釜后仍有优异的催化活性,平均每克催化剂可转化408 g原料,具有潜在的工业化价值。     

Weighted preliminary-summation-based principal component analysis for non-Gaussian processes

For industrial chemical process, preliminary-summation-based principal component analysis (PS-PCA), an amended PCA method was recently provided for coping with both Gaussian and non-Gaussian characteristics. By summing the training and monitoring data respectively, PS-PCA is capable of resolving the issue of non-Gaussian processes and achieves higher fault detection rate than the traditional PCA. However, in the PS-PCA summation operation, all data samples are regarded as the same weight, which results in the fault information of newly-samples may be diluted, leading to significant detection delays. To address this challenge, in this paper, we propose a novel weighted PS-PCA (WPS-PCA) method that employs an exponential weighting scheme to put more emphasis on recent information. Subsequently, a mathematical argument demonstrates that when the number of variables is enough plentiful, the obtained summation combined with the generalized central limit theorem conforms to approximately a Gaussian distribution. The kurtosis relationships indicate this conversion will bring out well-pleasing feasibility for conventional PCA. Ultimately, the proposed technique verifies detection performance using the Tennessee Eastman process, which is compared with the existing PCA and PS-PCA schemes, in terms of the fault detection time and fault detection rate. The simulation studies reveal that the proposed method is efficient and superior.     

Experimental study on seismic performance of glued-laminated timber frame infilled with CLT shear wall

为研究胶合木框架及其填充正交胶合木（CLT）剪力墙板后结构的抗震性能，按照1∶1.5的缩尺比，设计并制作了1个单层单跨胶合木纯框架试件和4个具有不同设计参数的单层单跨胶合木框架-CLT剪力墙板试件，对其进行低周往复加载试验，得到了5个试件的破坏形态、荷载-位移滞回特性、刚度退化、耗能和变形能力等抗震性能指标，分析了胶合木框架与CLT剪力墙板的抗侧协同工作机理。结果表明：胶合木纯框架侧向变形较大，节点区出现明显的剪切裂缝，梁端节点破坏程度明显大于柱脚节点。填充CLT剪力墙板后胶合木框架的抗侧承载力得到较大幅度提高，框架节点的破坏程度得到显著改善,结构的耗能能力明显增强；CLT剪力墙板中开设的洞口类型及尺寸对其破坏方式和破坏程度产生影响。增设门洞、窗洞和无洞口CLT剪力墙板试件较纯框架试件的弹性抗侧刚度分别提高966%、1147%和1310%；随着CLT剪力墙板跨高比的增加，试件的承载能力和刚度均有一定的提升。填充CLT剪力墙板后胶合木框架的弹塑性层间位移角介于0.028~0.044；从加载开始至试件破坏，CLT剪力墙板承担的侧向荷载超过50%。     

Research progress of cross-laminated timber and bamboo (CLBT)

正交胶合木(CLT)结构因其具有施工便捷、结构性能优良和易于维护保养等优点在欧洲和北美等地获得了广泛关注，并越来越普遍地应用于多层甚至高层建筑之中。我国有丰富的竹资源，同时竹材具有良好的力学性能、可加工性和耐久性。在可工业化生产的结构用胶合竹(Glubam)基础上，作者借鉴CLT的概念进一步提出了正交或交错胶合竹木(简称CLBT或CLTB)。在综述国内外学者在正交胶合木结构的力学性能、连接方式和抗震性能等方面的研究成果基础上，介绍正交胶合竹木的力学与物理性能试验结果，包括正交胶合竹木板梁的弯曲试验、柱的轴心受压试验以及墙体的热学和声学性能试验等，提出基于高阶剪切变形理论的解析模型用以估算CLBT梁、柱在相应荷载作用下的变形量，并通过试验验证该模型的准确性。相关初步研究结果表明：正交胶合竹木CLBT有良好的力学性能和与正交胶合木相当的保温隔热及隔声性能；采用国产速生杨木与Glubam胶合竹组坯制备的正交胶合竹木梁板的力学性能不逊于采用进口木材的同类竹木梁板。因此，正交胶合竹木的研发与应用将有助于进一步合理利用我国的速生林资源和丰富的竹资源；竹木等生物质材料在建筑中的应用对于实现碳中和具有重要的促进意义。     

Description of small and large-scale cross laminated timber fire tests

A large-scale fire test was conducted on a compartment constructed from cross laminated timber (CLT). The internal faces of the compartment were lined with non-combustible board, with the exception of one wall and the ceiling where the CLT was exposed directly to the fire inside the compartment. Extinction of the fire occurred without intervention. During the fire test, measurements were made of incident radiant heat flux, gas phase temperature, and in-depth temperature in the CLT. In addition, gas flow velocities and gas phase temperatures at the opening were measured, as well as incident heat fluxes at the facade due to flames and the plume leaving the opening. The fuel load was chosen to be sufficient to attain flashover, to achieve steady-state burning conditions of the exposed CLT, but to minimize the probability of uncertain behaviors induced by the specific characteristics of the CLT. Ventilation conditions were chosen to approximate maximum temperatures within a compartment. Wood cribs were used as fuel and, following decay of the cribs, self-extinction of the exposed CLT rapidly occurred. In parallel with the large-scale test, a small scale study focusing on CLT self-extinction was conducted. This study was used to establish: the range of incident heat fluxes for which self-extinction of the CLT can occur; the duration of exposure after which steady-state burning occurred; and the duration of exposure at which debonding of the CLT could occur. The large-scale test is described, and the results from both the small and large-scale tests are compared. It is found that self-extinction occurred in the large-scale compartment within the range of critical heat fluxes obtained from the small scale tests.