低速率拒绝服务攻击研究综述

低速率拒绝服务攻击是近年来提出的一类新型攻击,其不同于传统洪泛式DoS攻击,主要是利用端系统或网络中常见的自适应机制所存在的安全漏洞,通过低速率周期性攻击流,以更高的攻击效率对受害者进行破坏且不易被发现。LDoS攻击自提出以来便得到了研究者们的充分重视,其攻击特征分析与检测防范方法逐渐成为网络安全领域的一个重要研究课题。首先对目前已提出的各种LDoS攻击方式进行了分类描述和建模,并在NS2平台上进行了实验验证,接着对LDoS攻击的检测防范难点进行了讨论并对已有的各种检测防范方案进行了小结,最后指出了有待进一步研究的几个问题,以期为今后此类攻击检测防范研究工作提供参考。     

软件定义网络环境下的低速率拒绝服务攻击检测方法

低速率拒绝服务（LDoS）攻击是一种拒绝服务（DoS）攻击改进形式,因其攻击平均速率低、隐蔽性强,使得检测LDoS攻击成为难点。针对上述难点,提出了一种在软件定义网络（SDN）的架构下,基于加权均值漂移-K均值算法（WMS-Kmeans）的LDoS攻击检测方法。首先,通过获取OpenFlow交换机的流表信息,分析并提取出SDN环境下LDoS攻击流量的六元组特征;然后,利用平均绝对值百分比误差作为均值漂移聚类中欧氏距离的权值,以此产生的簇心作为K-Means的初始中心对流表进行聚类,从而实现LDoS攻击的检测。实验结果表明：在SDN环境下,所提方法对LDoS攻击具有较好的检测性能,平均检测率达到99.29%,平均误警率和平均漏警率分别为1.97%和0.69%。     

BGP-SIS：一种域间路由系统BGP-LDoS攻击威胁传播模型

针对域间路由系统的低速率拒绝服务攻击(Low-rate denial of service against BGP,BGP-LDoS)通过引起级联失效造成域间路由系统整体瘫痪。研究BGP-LDoS攻击威胁下域间路由系统级联失效的传播机理、影响因素是应对和防范该攻击的基础。通过分析域间路由系统的结构特性以及BGP-LDoS攻击过程,提出这一种基于传染病动力学的BGP-LDoS威胁传播模型BGP-SIS。将系统中每个节点的状态划分为易感态、感染态,利用传染病动力学模型SIS对攻击所造成的级联失效过程进行描述,推导攻击威胁下域间路由系统的最终状态。利用仿真实验对模型及推论的有效性进行验证。实验结果表明BGP-SIS能够有效描述和预测BGP-LDoS攻击下域间路由系统级联失效的传播规律,可为域间路由系统检测和防御BGP-LDoS攻击提供借鉴和参考。     

低速率拒绝服务攻击研究与进展综述

低速率拒绝服务攻击是新型的拒绝服务攻击,对Internet的安全造成严重的潜在威胁,引起众多研究者的兴趣和重视,成为网络安全领域的重要研究课题之一.自2003年以来,研究者先后刻画了Shrew攻击、降质攻击、脉冲拒绝服务攻击和分布式拒绝服务攻击等多种低速率拒绝服务攻击方式,并提出了相应的检测防范方法.从不同角度对这种新型攻击的基本机理和攻击方法进行了深入的研究;对TCP拥塞控制机制进行了安全性分析,探讨了引起安全问题的原因;对现有的各种各样的LDoS攻击防范和检测方案,从多个方面进行了分类总结和分析评价;最后总结了当前研究中出现的问题,并展望了未来研究发展的趋势,希望能为该领域的研究者提供一些有益的启示.     

基于信号互相关的低速率拒绝服务攻击检测方法

低速率拒绝服务LDoS（Low-rate Denial of Service）攻击是一种基于TCP/IP协议漏洞,采用密集型周期性脉冲的攻击方式.本文针对分布式LDoS攻击脉冲到达目标端的时序关系,提出基于互相关的LDoS攻击检测方法.该方法通过计算构造的检测序列与采样得到的网络流量序列的相关性,得到相关序列,采用基于循环卷积的互相关算法来计算攻击脉冲经过不同传输通道在特定的攻击目标端的精确时间,利用无周期单脉冲预测技术估计LDoS攻击的周期参数,提取LDoS攻击的脉冲持续时间的相关性特征,并设计判决门限规则.实验结果表明基于信号互相关的LDoS攻击检测方法具有较好的检测性能.     

基于小信号检测模型的LDoS攻击检测方法的研究

 低速率拒绝服务LDoS(Low-rate Denial of Service)是一种新型的面向TCP协议的DoS攻击方式.LDoS攻击的平均流量仅占正常流量的10-20%,具有明显的周期性小信号特征,隐蔽性强.因此,检测LDoS攻击成为网络安全研究的一个难点.本文采用数字信号处理DSP技术,基于小信号检测理论,提出一种基于小信号模型的LDoS攻击检测的方法.该方法通过构造特征值估算矩阵,对30秒时间内(3000个采样点)到达的数据包个数进行统计;将统计值与设定的判决特征值门限比较,作为判断有无LDoS攻击的依据.如果判定成立,则通过特征值估算矩阵可较精确地计算出LDoS攻击的周期值.在NS-2环境中的仿真实验结果表明本文方法具有较高的LDoS攻击检测率.     

An adaptive KPCA approach for detecting LDoS attack

Low‐rate denial‐of‐service (LDoS) attack sends out attack packets at low‐average rate of traffic flow in short time. It is stealthier than traditional DoS attack, which makes detection of LDoS extremely difficult. In this paper, an adaptive kernel principal component analysis method is proposed for LDoS attack detection. The network traffic flow is extracted through wavelet multi‐scale analysis. An adaptive kernel principal component analysis method is adopted to detect LDoS attack through the squared prediction error statistics. Key parameters such as the parameter of the radial basis function, the number of principal components, and the squared prediction error confidence limit are adaptively trained with training data and updated with the network environment. Simulation is accomplished in NS‐2 environment, and results prove the favorable LDoS attack detection efficiency by the proposed approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于小波特征提取的低速率DoS 检测方法

低速率拒绝服务攻击(low-rate denial-of-service,简称LDoS)比传统的DDoS(distributed DoS)攻击更具隐蔽 性和欺骗性,依据其周期性脉冲突发特点,设计实现了一种基于小波特征提取的LDoS 检测系统DSBWA(detection system based on wavelet analysis).该系统以到达检测节点的数据包数目为研究对象,通过小波多尺度分析,结合 LDoS 的攻击规律提取5 个特征指标,在此基础上采用BP 神经网络进行综合诊断.一旦检测出LDoS 攻击,系统定位 攻击脉冲数据的到达时刻以获得攻击者的相关信息.NS-2 模拟实验结果表明,DSBWA 具有高检测率和低误警率,并 且能够检测出LDoS 变种攻击,消耗计算资源少,具有良好的实用价值.     

An approach for detecting LDoS attack based on cloud model

Cybersecurity has always been the focus of Internet research. An LDoS attack is an intelligent type of DoS attack, which reduces the quality of network service by periodically sending high-speed but short-pulse attack traffic. Because of its concealment and low average rate, the traditional DoS attack detection methods are challenging to be effective. The existing LDoS attack detection methods generally have the problems of high FPR and FNR. A cloud model-based LDoS attack detection method is proposed, and a classifier based on SVM is used to train and classify the feature parameters. The detection method is verified and tested in the NS2 simulation platform and Test-bed network environment. Compared with the existing research results, the proposed method requires fewer samples, and it has lower FPR and FNR.     

An adaptive network traffic prediction approach for LDoS attacks detection

Low‐rate denial of service (LDoS) attacks reduce throughput and degrade quality of service (QoS) of network services by sending out attack packets with relatively low average rate. LDoS attack flows are difficult to detect from normal traffic since it has the property of low average rate. The research on network traffic analysis and modeling shows that network traffic measurement data are irregular nonlinear time series. To characterize and analyze network traffic between attack and non‐attack situations, the adaptive normal and abnormal ν‐support vector regression (ν‐SVR) prediction models are constructed on the basis of the reconstructed phase space. In this paper, the dimension of reconstructed phase space for ν‐SVR is optimized by Bayesian information criteria method, and the parameter in the radial basis function is adaptively adjusted by minimizing the within‐class distance and maximizing the between‐class distance in the feature space. The nonthreshold decision function is obtained through calculating the prediction error of adaptive normal and abnormal ν‐SVR prediction models, which is adopted to detect LDoS attacks. Experiments in NS‐2 environment show that the adaptive ν‐SVR prediction model can effectively predict the network traffic measurement time series, and the probability distribution of time series generated by the adaptive ν‐SVR prediction model is quite similar to that of the network traffic measurement data. Experiments also clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach in LDoS attacks detection.