Identification of gaps in mangrove forests with airborne LIDAR

Mangrove forests change frequently due to disturbances from tropical storms, frost, lightning, and insects. It has been suggested that the death and regeneration of trees in small gaps due to lightning may play a critical role in mangrove forest turnover; however, the large-scale quantification of spatial pattern and areas of gaps is lacking for investigating this issue. Airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology provides an effective way for identifying gaps by remotely obtaining direct measurements of ground and canopy elevations. A method based on an alternative sequential filter and black top-hat mathematical morphological transformation was developed to extract gap features. Comparison of identified gap polygons with raw LIDAR measurements and field surveys shows that the proposed method successfully extracted gap features in mangrove forests in Everglades National Park. There are 400–500 lightning gaps per square kilometer in mangrove forests at the study sites. The distribution of gap sizes follows an exponential form and the area of gaps with sizes larger than 100 m² account for 55–61% of the total area of gaps. The area of gaps in the mangrove forest in Everglades National Park is about 4–5% of the total forest area and the average gap formation rate is about 0.3% of the total forest area per year, indicating that lightning gaps play an important role in mangrove forest dynamics.     

大气电场倒转与突发钠层及突发E层的相关性

突发钠层(Sporadic Sodium Layer, Na_S)是中高层大气金属层最为显著的一种现象,其发生机制目前尚无定论。突发E层(Sporadic E layer, E_S)是等离子体密度异常增大的薄层,被认为与Na_S密切相关。为进一步研究Na_S及E_S事件之间相关性及影响因素,利用中国科学院“子午工程”2010～2018年合肥科大站宽带钠荧光共振激光雷达观测结果,并结合武汉左岭镇站数字测高仪及九峰站大气电场仪数据,分析大气电场倒转(即北向电场)对Na_S以及E_S事件的影响。在统计的91例Na_S事件中,发生于大气电场倒转时的比例为20/91; 同时,在发生Na_S事件的事例中,E_S消失或中断的比例较大(14/20),表明E_S可能以提供钠源的形式转化为Na_S。此外,在分析武汉左岭镇站数字测高仪数据的同时进行概率统计,结果表明:当大气电场倒转时,E_S临界频率减小甚至消失的概率较大(187/242),少数情况下可能造成临界频率增大甚至激发E_S生成(55/242); E_S虚高消失比例为179/242,E_S不变比例为27/242,E_S上升比例为23/242。综上所述,大气北向电场在一定程度上对E_S事件的发生有抑制作用,并对E_S事件的发生高度有明显影响。最后,对一种与电场倒转相关的突发钠层机制也进行了讨论。     

瑞利激光雷达探测中层大气密度和温度

利用瑞利（Rayleigh）散射激光雷达探测中层大气密度和温度的原理和方法,能够探测30~90 km范围的中层大气密度和温度的垂直分布。根据这种方法和实际测量得到的数据,把反演得到的结果与标准大气模型CI-RA86观测结果进行了对比,凸显具有较好的一致性。在一般情况下,30~65 km高度范围内激光雷达获得的大气密度与CIRA86密度偏差≤5%;温度偏差〈3 k,而在75 km以上温度偏差较大。     

基于车载CCD序列影像的建筑立面纹理映射

在车载LIDAR系统中,CCD相机系统侧重于获取精度的建筑物立面信息,非常适用于城市建筑物模型的快速构建.使用二维最大熵阈值分割对最佳影像进行有效地快速分割,采用Hough算子检测纹理边界,并利用点特征对纹理轮廓和模型轮廓进行匹配纠正.实验证明,该方法简单、快速,适合于大范围城市建筑物立面纹理映射.     

逆合成孔径激光雷达鸟类目标方位向高分辨稀疏合成方法

逆合成孔径激光雷达鸟类目标方位向高分辨合成对于鸟类目标成像及识别具有重要意义。针对逆合成孔径激光雷达鸟类目标方位向高分辨合成过程中数据不完整问题,提出一种基于压缩感知的稀疏合成方法。该方法能以较少的有效数据获得准确的高分辨方位,且具有一定的鲁棒性。仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于盖革APD阵列的单通道激光雷达信号读出电路设计

随着测量技术的发展,激光雷达技术成为研究的热点,选取工作在盖革模式下的集成APD阵列雪崩二极管作为激光雷达的光电探测器,在探测距离为100-200m范围内,选择上升沿为5ns的激光脉冲,则接收带宽在70MHz~88MHz范围内,在此范围内APD探测器将接收到的回波信号转化为电信号,用TIA跨阻放大器反向放大模式将电流信号转化为电压信号,并将信号有效放大,输入至时刻鉴别电路,时刻鉴别电路用电压比较器来实现,最终可输出COMS逻辑电平信号;用TINA仿真软件进行仿真,仿真结果表明在接收带宽范围内TIA放大器的增益动态范围达到了54dB,总体电路延迟约为10ns。     

A new instrument for passive remote sensing: 2. Measurement of leaf and canopy reflectance changes at 531 nm and their relationship with photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence

A previously described passive remote sensing fluorimeter (see companion paper) was modified to detect changes in the reflectance of vegetation. The utility of this remote sensing technique to measure the Physiological Reflectance Index (PRI) is shown at both leaf level under laboratory conditions and at the canopy level in the field. PRI, defined as the relative changes in reflectance at 531 nm with respect to those at 570 nm (PRI=R531−R570/R531+R570), is related to xanthophyll-related, dynamic changes of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. The robustness of this relationship by simultaneous remote sensing of PRI and chlorophyll fluorescence is strengthened. At the leaf level, the existence of two kinetically distinct components of PRI is shown. A fast (within seconds) component that is partly attributed to ΔpH induced chloroplast shrinkage, and a slow (within minutes), main component that is related to xanthophyll de-epoxidation, as demonstrated by its disappearance in the presence of DTT. Overall, PRI correlated better with non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) than with any other measured parameter, including the photochemical efficiency of PSII. Finally, at the canopy level and under field conditions, it is shown that PRI can be a useful tool for remote sensing of water stress in grapevines.     

人眼安全的生物气溶胶短程遥测系统

建立了满足激光辐照人眼安全要求的便携式生物气溶胶短程遥测系统,用于实现有人员活动区域生物战剂气溶胶的实时预警监测。以高频调制的405nm半导体激光器为激发光源,200mm口径的卡塞格林望远系统为信号光收集系统,搭建了基于伪随机调制的便携型生物气溶胶激光雷达短程遥测系统。该系统具备平行偏振散射、垂直偏振散射光探测,以及450nm和530nm两个波段荧光探测等四个同步探测通道。以枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母菌为样本对该激光雷达系统进行了初步测试。外场试验表明,该生物气溶胶遥测系统的空间分辨率为1.5m,荧光通道的探测距离为100m;3种被测生物气溶胶种类识别的回代误报率分别为9%、11.5%和14.5%,交叉误报率为11.3%。该遥测系统的激光能量低于激光辐照人眼安全标准的要求,基本实现了生物气溶胶的甄别。     

激光雷达应用中的几种数据表达方式

激光雷达数据有其自身的特点，在三维空间中呈不规则分布的点云。这种数据形式在为信息提取带来便利的同时，也对数据表达方式提出更高的要求。不恰当的数据组织方法不仅会损失部分信息，还可能为信息提取带来某种困难。常用的数据表达方式包括规则格网、不规则三角网、剖面、体元等。本文对这些方法进行了比较分析，指出它们各自的优势和不足。此外，通过对激光雷达数据、表达方式、算法三者间相互关系的分析，探讨了数据表达方式在信息提取中所起的作用。     

An Approach for Segmentation of Airborne Laser Point Clouds Utilizing Scan‐Line Characteristics

In this study, we suggest a new segmentation algorithm for processing airborne laser point cloud data which is more memory efficient and faster than previous approaches. The main principle is the reading of data points along a scan line and their direct classification into homogeneous groups as a single process. The results of our experiments demonstrate that the algorithm runs faster and is more memory efficient than previous approaches. Moreover, the segmentation accuracy is generally acceptable.