Evaluation of pipe whip impacts on neighboring piping and walls of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant

Stress corrosion cracks have been discovered in Group Distribution Headers (GDH) at the Ignalina and Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plants. This increases the probability that a guillotine pipe break can occur that creates a whipping pipe (GDH) with the potential to damage surrounding structures—i.e. adjacent GDH and its attached piping or adjacent reinforced concrete compartment wall. The GDH is the most important component for reactor safety in case of an accident. Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) piping is connected to the GDH piping such that, during an accident, coolant passes from the ECSS into the GDH.Presented in this paper is the transient analysis of a Group Distribution Header following a guillotine break at the blind end of the header. Using a very conservative force loading function, the transient response of a whipping RBMK-1500 GDH along with neighboring concrete walls and pipelines is obtained using finite element methodology.The results of the study, assuming that the impacted GDH does not suffer stress corrosion cracking, indicate that the structural integrity of the compartment should be maintained and failure should not propagate from GDH to GDH.     

三氟氯乙烯与偏氟乙烯共聚物热降解产物研究

主要利用多种检测技术,研究高聚物F2314(三氟氯乙烯:偏氟乙烯=4∶1共聚物)在外加温度环境下的化学性能变化,并对其降解产物进行了分析说明。实验结果表明,F2314在以上条件下老化有一定程度的降解,老化降解气体产物中有三氟氯乙烯、偏氟乙烯气体放出,固体降解产物的分子链段连接方式以及分子间的作用力有所变化,而短时间高温老化对F2314热稳定性影响不大。     

Pulse height defect in pCVD and scCVD diamond based detectors

Polycrystalline (pCVD) and single crystal (scCVD) diamond films grown from Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), if sufficiently pure at Raman analysis, are very good materials for beam or flux monitors inside accelerators or nuclear reactors. This is because they are very hard to damage in high radiation fields and very resistant to high temperatures. Films of pCVD diamond are, however, not so good as spectroscopy detectors due to inhomogeneities induced by their growth in grains with the consequent presence of grain boundaries which worsen their energy resolution. The latter can be significantly improved by growing scCVD diamond films onto HPHT synthetic diamond substrates. We have shown that it is possible to measure the density of defects inside diamond specimens using as probes suitable penetrating nuclear radiations. With the preliminary results reported here we'll show that, bombarding CVD diamond films grown at Roma “Tor Vergata” with energetic protons and ⁴He, ⁶Li and ¹²C ions produced in the accelerators of Catania laboratories, the pulse height defects are higher than those in silicon detectors and likewise well described by a power law in the deposited energy. Furthermore, we'll show that pulse heights for the same particles seem to depend on the duration of the measurement, thus exhibiting a sort of depolarization of the insulator when exposed to the electric voltage which makes it a particle detector.     

Production and evaluation of vildagliptin-loaded poly(dl-lactide) and poly(dl-lactide-glycolide) micro-/nanoparticles: Response surface methodology approach

A laboratory scale spray dryer was used to encapsulate vildagliptin (VLG), an antihyperglycemic drug, into different polymers such as poly(dl-lactide) (PDLA), poly(dl-lactide-glycolide)-50:50 (PLGA 50:50), and poly(dl-lactide-glycolide)-75:25 (PLGA 75:25). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the effects of process and formulation factors on the encapsulation efficiency (EE). The physicochemical properties of the drug-loaded micro-/nanoparticles, mainly the drug loading (DL), particle size distribution, surface morphology, drug–polymer compatibility, and release rate were investigated. % EE of drug-loaded micro-/nanoparticles were in the range of 57.10% to 76.44%. PLGA50:50 micro-/nanoparticles showed highest EE as compared to PDLA and PLGA75:25 micro-/nanoparticles. The mean particle size of the micro-/nanoparticles containing PLGA 50:50, PLGA 75:25, and PDLA polymers were 428?nm, 640?nm, and 1.22 µm, respectively. Surface morphology study revealed smooth, spherical and nonporous surface structures of the micro-/nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies confirmed the drug–polymer compatibility. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis of micro-/nanoparticles revealed that VLG was present in the amorphous form within the micro-/nanoparticles formulations. In vitro release study demonstrated that VLG is slowly released from micro-/nanoparticles for 12?h and the drug release rate was influenced by type and viscosity of polymers used. This work suggests that PDLA, PLGA 50:50, and PLGA75:25 polymers are able to sustain the VLG release rates from micro-/nanoparticles.     

The study on the conductivity of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene glycol)400 and LiClO4

Polyelectrolytes, in this study were synthesized from styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)400 (PEG400), and lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR were used to monitor the interaction between Li⁺ ions and polymer. The results of FTIR and MAS solid-state NMR indicate the Li⁺ ions are preferentially coordinated to the ether oxygen of PEG. The T_g of the PEG segments in polyelectrolyte increases with LiClO₄ concentration, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), indicating that solubility of the Li⁺ ions in the host polymer increases with the PEG content. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) shows that the bulk conductivity of polyelectrolytes and the conductivity behavior obeys the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation.     

Bi_4Ge_3O_(12):TR(TR=Pr,Eu,Ce)晶体的吸收和发光光谱

测量了Bi_4Ge_3O_(12)(BGO):Pr、Eu和Ce的吸收、激发和发光光谱。掺杂BGO吸收和激发带相应于pr~(3+)、Eu~(3+)和Ce~(3+)离子特征跃迁。Xe灯中不同波长激发所得到掺杂BGO的发光光谱可通过Bi~(3+)心和掺杂材料之间能量传输过程加以解释。Bi~(3+)心400—600mm发射强度因受到Ce杂质影响变弱,这现象在高Ce浓度晶体里更为显著。     

Assessment of a redox alkaline/iron-chelate absorption process for the removal of dilute hydrogen sulfide in air emissions

The oxidative absorption of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into a solution of ferric chelate of trans-1,2- diaminocyclohexanetetraacetate (CDTA) was studied in a counter-current laboratory column randomly packed with 15 mm plastic Ralu rings. The present investigation takes concern about the Kraft pulping situation where dilute H₂S concentrations are omnipresent in large-volume gas effluents. A fractional two-level factorial approach was instigated to determine the significance of six operating variables, namely the solution's alkalinity (pH; 8.5-10.5), the liquid mass flow rate (L;1.73-), the solution's ionic strength (I_C;0.01-), the gas mass flow rate (G;0.19-), the inlet H₂S concentration (C_H2S,0;70-430 ppm) and the initial ferric CDTA concentration (C_Fe,0;100 -). Initially, a Plackett-Burman design matrix of seven duplicated experiments revealed that pH is the leading factor controlling the H₂S conversion rate while the ionic strength and ferric CDTA concentration effects remained negligible within the factorial domain. Surface response analysis based on 11 duplicated factorial experiments plus 10 central composite trials revealed that the H₂S conversion significantly increases with liquid flow rate but decreases with growing H₂S load up. Further examination about the influence of ferric CDTA on H₂S absorption rate was set up over a broader concentration range (C_Fe,0;0- at pH of 9.5 and 10.5. It showed good potential at as H₂S conversion increased by a significant 25% for both pH values in comparison to pure alkaline solutions containing no ferric CDTA.     

W_nH_2(n=1-6)团簇结构与性能的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论中的B3LYP方法在LANL2DZ基组水平上对H_2与W_n(n=1-6)团簇的相互作用进行了计算研究。结果表明,W_nH_2体系的最低能量结构是H2分子的解离性吸附,基本是在W_n团簇最低能量结构的基础上吸附H原子生长而成,说明吸附H原子未改变W_n(n=1-6)团簇的结构和形状;W_nH_2团簇的稳定性比W_n团簇要好;NBO分析表明,W原子比H原子对电荷调节能力稍强,较易与其他原子作用形成新的混合团簇。     

A new view of fuzzy hypernear-rings

In this survey article, we first introduce the concept of quasi-coincidence of a fuzzy interval value with an interval valued fuzzy set. This concept is a generalized concept of quasi-coincidence of a fuzzy point within a fuzzy set. By using this new idea, we consider the interval valued (∈,∈∨q)-fuzzy sub-hypernear-rings (hyperideals) of a hypernear-ring, and hence, a generalization of a fuzzy sub-near-ring (ideal) is given. Some related properties of fuzzy hypernear-rings are described. Finally, we consider the concept of implication-based interval valued fuzzy sub-hypernear-rings (hyperideals) in a hypernear-ring, in particular, the implication operators in Lukasiewicz system of continuous-valued logic are discussed.