| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA;2. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA;3. Zenomics Inc., Durham, NC, 27709 USA;4. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA |
| Abstract: | Type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes treatment involves daily injections or continuous infusion of exogenous insulin aimed at regulating blood glucose levels in the normoglycemic range. However, current options for insulin therapy are limited by the risk of hypoglycemia and are associated with suboptimal glycemic control outcomes. Therefore, a range of glucose-responsive components that can undergo changes in conformation or show alterations in intermolecular binding capability in response to glucose stimulation has been studied for ultimate integration into closed-loop insulin delivery or “smart insulin” systems. Here, an overview of the evolution and recent progress in the development of molecular approaches for glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems, a rapidly growing subfield of precision medicine, is presented. Three central glucose-responsive moieties, including glucose oxidase, phenylboronic acid, and glucose-binding molecules are examined in detail. Future opportunities and challenges regarding translation are also discussed. |
