Efficacy of atmospheric and pressurized carbon dioxide or air against Sitophilus zeamais Motchulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in milled rice |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology Program, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Pathumthani, Thailand;2. Division of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Product Innovation and Technology, Srinakharinwirot University, Wattana, Bangkok, Thailand;3. Post-harvest and Products Processing Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand;1. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, P.O. Box 1373, 38180 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;2. The Pacific Community, P.O. Box D5, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia;3. Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 18 Marcus Clarke St, Canberra, Australia;4. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA;1. Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology & Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China;3. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States;4. Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, United States;5. Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States;6. Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China;1. College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;2. Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 213 L.J. Smith Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA;1. College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;2. Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA |
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| Abstract: | Carbon dioxide gas was evaluated in the laboratory for control of Sitophilus zeamais Motchulsky and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in milled rice using a specially designed pressure chamber. Tests were conducted at atmospheric pressure with 60, 80 and 100% carbon dioxide and with 100% carbon dioxide pressurized to 4, 6 and 8 bars. LT99 were ≤79, ≤78, and ≤148 h for all life stages of S. zeamais exposed to 60, 80 and 100% carbon dioxide, whereas, they were ≤59, ≤51 and ≤66 h for T. castaneum. Pure carbon dioxide controlled the adult stage, but there tended to be no significant differences of carbon dioxide concentrations on mortality of immature stages. When pure carbon dioxide was pressurized, mortalities of the two insect species were increased significantly. LT99 values decreased with levels of applied pressure: ≤29, ≤9.0 and ≤4.8 h for S. zeamais and ≤15, ≤5.8 and ≤2.3 h for T. castaneum at pressures of 4, 6 and 8 bars, respectively. Sitophilus zeamais was more tolerant than T. castaneum to carbon dioxide gas. The adult was the most susceptible stage, however, immature stages responded differently to carbon dioxide gas applied at varying concentrations and pressure levels. Adult mortalities were lower when air was used in the pressure chamber instead of carbon dioxide. Pressurized carbon dioxide at relatively low pressure (4–8 bars) was found effective in controlling all live stages of S. zeamais and T. castaneum in milled rice with shorter exposure times than at atmospheric pressure using an inexpensive set of equipment as compared to high pressure carbon dioxide fumigation (20–30 bars). |
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| Keywords: | Milled rice Carbon dioxide High pressure |
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