高寒高海拔地下矿山绿色开采技术研究进展

近年来,高寒高海拔矿山建设项目日渐增多,在助力当地经济快速发展的同时,也带来了诸如破坏当地生态环境等系列问题,亟需发展一套适合高寒高海拔矿山资源开发特点的绿色开采技术。笔者结合多年高原矿山开采技术研究经验,认为应从智能采矿方法、尾矿充填、强化通风、安全监控与信息化等方面建立高寒高海拔矿山的绿色开采框架,其中采矿方法应遵循机械化、自动化、智能化的发展方向,降低工人在高原缺氧环境下的作业强度,提高劳动效率。充填工艺需解决低温环境充填料浆输送困难及充填体强度发展缓慢等问题,应发展全尾砂膏体充填技术,提高尾砂利用率,降低地表大量堆存尾砂对自然环境的影响。鉴于高原矿山氧含量不足、通风网络复杂等特点,提出分区增压补氧及按需分时调控的通风思路,并重点对工作面进行除烟降尘强化通风,改善工人的作业环境。为动态监控地表沉降位移及井下作业安全风险,需开展区域及局域地压调控技术研究,并建立高反认知及安全培训体系,持续保障高原地下矿山大规模安全开采。以上形成的高寒高海拔地下矿山绿色开采新成果,探索了高寒高海拔地下矿山绿色开采新路径,具有可行性及适用性,可为其他矿山提供技术参考。

Research Progress on Green Mining Technology for Underground Mines in High Altitude and Severely Cold Area

In recent years, there are more and more nonferrous mines in high altitude and severely cold area, which not only contributes to the rapid development of local economy, but also brings a series of problems such as damage to the local ecological environment. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a set of green mining technology suitable for the characteristics of mine resource recovery in such conditions. In the paper, based on several years of research experience in plateau mining technology, we think that a green mining framework should be established in the aspects of intelligent mining method, tailing filling, enhanced ventilation, safety monitoring and information technology. Mining method should follow the development direction of mechanization, automation and intellectualization, which can reduce the working intensity of workers in the anoxic environment and improve labor efficiency. Stope filling needs to solve the problems such as difficult transportation of filling slurry and slow development of backfill strength in low temperature environment. The full tailings paste filling technology should be developed to improve the utilization rate of tailings and reduce the impact of large amount of surface tailings on natural environment. Due to insufficient oxygen content and complex ventilation network in plateau mines, the ventilation idea of regional pressurization and oxygen replenishment and time-based regulation according to demand is put forward and the ventilation of working face is strengthened by smoke and dust removal to improve the working environment of workers. In order to dynamically monitor the surface subsidence and safety risks of underground operation, it is necessary to carry out research on regional and local ground pressure control technology, and establish a cognition of altitude sickness and safety training system to continuously guarantee large-scale safe mining of underground mines in plateau. The new achievements of green mining of underground mines in high altitude and severely cold area formed above explore the new path of green mining, which has feasibility and applicability and can provide technical reference for other mines in the same condition.