国外跨界水污染治理的经验与启示

介绍莱茵河、五大湖、多瑙河等跨国界河流以及美国田纳西河、英国泰晤士河、意大利波河等跨省界河流的水污染治理机制,分析国外跨界水污染治理的发展趋势:从整体上把握水污染治理,建立一种跨界综合管理模式;进行以流域为单位的水资源综合规划,注重流域水环境容量与经济发展的相互关系;设立流域水资源管理协调与咨询机构,鼓励公众参与管理;水资源开发利用市场化。国外跨界水污染治理从4方面为我国的水污染治理提供借鉴:①水污染治理机构组成的多元化;②水资源管理体制的多层次;③消费者协会参与水资源管理;④公众参与水资源保护。建议中国的跨界水污染治理可从以下几方面着手:①建立统一管理、垂直领导的流域管理体制;②加快流域立法进程;③流域投资运行机制市场化;④建立流域企业化管理体制;⑤优化流域管理机构内部结构。

The experience and inspiration of transboundary water pollution administration abroad

The mechanisms of transboundary water pollution administration abroad are presented in this paper, using transnational rivers and lakes （such as the Rhine River, the Five Great lakes and the Danube River） and transboundary rivers between provinces （such as the Tennessee River, the Thames River and the Po River） as examples. The common development trends of transbeundary water pollution administration abroad were analyzed. They included implementing overall administration and establishing an administrative mode for analysis and control of pollution. The comprehensive planning for a river basin should be carried out with emphasis on the mutual relations between the water environmental capacity and economic development. The regulation and consulting organizations need to be set up to encourage public participation. The exploration and utilization of the water resources were markefized. Four aspects of the transboundary water pollution administration abroad examined in this study could be referenced in our country： （1） constitutional pluralism of water pollution administration organizations; （2） understanding the hierarchy of the administrative system for water resources; （3） participation of the consumers＇ associations; and （4） public participation in water resources protection. It is suggested that transboundary water pollution control in China begin with the following five goals： （ 1 ） establishinga watershed management system with centralized management and vertical leadership; （2） facilitating a lawmaking process for the watershed; （3） marketization of an investment operation system for the watershed; （4） establishingenterprise-style management mechanisms for the watershed; （5） optimization of the internal structure of the watershed management system.