District heating and energy efficiency in detached houses of differing size and construction |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Vestre Havnepromenade 9, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;2. School of Business and Engineering, Halmstad University, PO Box 823, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden;3. Building Research Establishment (BRE), Bucknalls Lane, WD25 9XX Watford, UK;4. Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej, Building 118, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;5. Danfoss District Energy, DK-6430 Nordborg, Denmark;6. Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark;1. Chair of Building Physics, ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;2. Empa, Urban Energy Systems Laboratory, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;3. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada;4. Empa, Laboratory of Multiscale Studies in Building Physics, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;1. Division of Energy Technology, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden;2. Division of Building Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | House envelope measures and conversion of heating systems can reduce primary energy use and CO2 emission in the existing Swedish building stock. We analysed how the size and construction of electrically heated detached houses affect the potential for such measures and the potential for cogenerated district heating. Our starting point was two typical houses built in the 1970s. We altered the floor plans to obtain 6 houses, with heated floor space ranging between 100 and 306 m2. One of the houses was also analysed for three energy standards with differing heat loss rates. CO2 emission, primary energy use and heating cost were estimated after implementing house envelope measures, conversions to other heating systems and changes in the generation of district heat and electricity. The study accounted for primary energy, including energy chains from natural resources to useful heat in the houses. We showed that conversion to district heating based on biomass, together with house envelope measures, reduced the primary energy use by 88% and the CO2 emission by 96%, while reducing the annual societal cost by 7%. The choice of end-use heating system was decisive for the primary energy use, with district heating being the most efficient. Neither house size nor energy standard did significantly change the ranking of the heating systems, either from a primary energy or an economic viewpoint, but did affect the extent of the annual cost reduction after implementing the measures. |
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