Microwave assisted-in situ synthesis of porous titanium/calcium phosphate composites and their in vitro apatite-forming capability |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;2. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;1. Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic;2. Brno University of Technology, CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic;3. Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno, Czech Republic;1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Heart and Vascular Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates;2. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, Ohio;1. Departamento de Ingeniería en Metalurgia y Materiales, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPALM-Zacatenco, IPN Av. Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico;2. Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, CP 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico;3. Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico |
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| Abstract: | Microwave irradiation has been proven to be an effective heating source in synthetic chemistry, and can accelerate the reaction rate, provide more uniform heating and help in developing better synthetic routes for the fabrication of bone-grafting implant materials. In this study, a new technique, which comprises microwave heating and powder metallurgy for in situ synthesis of Ti/CaP composites by using Ti powders, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powders and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4·2H2O) powders, has been developed. Three different compositions of Ti:CaCO3:CaHPO4·2H2O powdered mixture were employed to investigate the effect of the starting atomic ratio of the CaCO3 to CaHPO4·2H2O on the phase, microstructural formation and compressive properties of the microwave synthesized composites. When the starting atomic ratio reaches 1.67, composites containing mainly alpha-titanium (α-Ti), hydroxyapatite (HA), beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and calcium titanate (CaTiO3) with porosity of 26%, pore size up to 152 μm, compressive strength of 212 MPa and compressive modulus of 12 GPa were formed. The in vitro apatite-forming capability of the composite was evaluated by immersing the composite into a simulated body fluid (SBF) for up to 14 days. The results showed that biodissolution occurred, followed by apatite precipitation after immersion in the SBF, suggesting that the composites are suitable for bone implant applications as apatite is an essential intermediate layer for bone cells attachment. The quantity and size of the apatite globules increased over the immersion time. After 14 days of immersion, the composite surface was fully covered by an apatite layer with a Ca/P atomic ratio approximately of 1.68, which is similar to the bone-like apatite appearing in human hard tissue. The results suggested that the microwave assisted-in situ synthesis technique can be used as an alternative to traditional powder metallurgy for the fabrication of Ti/CaP biocomposites. |
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| Keywords: | A Metal–matrix composites (MMCs) B Microstructures E Powder processing E Sintering |
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