Green composites based on polypropylene matrix and hydrophobized spend coffee ground (SCG) powder |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Fiber System Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon-dong, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea;2. Department of Science Education, Dankook University, Jukjeon-dong, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea;1. Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Institute of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (NANOTECH), Laboratory of Polymer Processing, Rabat, Morocco;2. Mohammed V-Rabat University, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Mechanic and Materials (LMM), Rabat, Morocco;3. Department of Chemical Engineering and CERMA, Université Laval, Quebec G1V0A6, Canada;1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Orleans, Lake Front, New Orleans, LA, 70138, USA;4. Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu 626126, India;2. Centre for Composite Materials, International Research Centre, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu 626126, India;3. Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;4. Department of Materials and Production Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand;1. Professional Engineering Program Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia;2. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;3. Photo-Sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center (Photo-SMART Center), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan |
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| Abstract: | Green composites were prepared with polypropylene matrix and 20 wt.% spent coffee ground (SCG) powder for uses as a wood plastic composite (WPC). The effects of hydrophobic treatment with palmitoyl chloride on SCG powder is compared with conventional surface treatment based on silanization with (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane and the use of a maleated copolymer compatibilizer (polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride, PP-g-MA) in terms of mechanical properties, morphology, thermal properties and water uptake. Composites were previously mixed in a twin-screw co-rotating extruder and subsequently subjected to injection moulding. The comparative effect of the different surface treatments and or compatibilizers on mechanical performance was studied by flexural, impact tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA-torsion); in addition, the stabilizing effect of SCG was revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravymetric analysis (TGA). As one of the main drawbacks of wood plastic composites and natural fibre reinforced plastics is the moisture gain, water uptake tests were carried out in order to quantify the effectiveness of the hydrophobization process with palmitoyl chloride. Results show a slight increase in flexural modulus for composites with both untreated and treated/compatibilized SCG powder (20 wt.%). As expected, thermal stability is improved as indicated by an increase of more than 8% in the onset degradation temperature by DSC if compared to unfilled polypropylene. Fracture analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows better particle dispersion for PP-SCG composites with hydrophobized SCG with palmitoyl chloride treatment; in addition a remarkable decrease in water uptake is observed for composites with hydrophobized SCG. |
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| Keywords: | A Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) B Adhesion B Wettability D Thermal analysis Spent coffee ground (SCG) |
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