Freezing due to direct contact heat transfer including sublimation

From the energy saving viewpoint, the utilization of LNG cold is very important in the refrigeration industry concerning the low temperature region. In this paper, as a basic study of the freezing due to direct contact, including evaporation, solid–liquid direct contact heat transfer associated with sublimation has been investigated using the dry ice in water experimentally and theoretically. Based on a two-layers-model composed of CO₂ vapor and the bulk water around the dry ice, the velocity and temperature fields in two layers was calculated numerically and the calculated results for the freezing condition of the bulk water were compared with the experimental results.