The Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Glutaredoxin GRXS15 Provides [2Fe-2S] Clusters for ISCA-Mediated [4Fe-4S] Cluster Maturation

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins are crucial for many cellular functions, particularly those involving electron transfer and metabolic reactions. An essential monothiol glutaredoxin GRXS15 plays a key role in the maturation of plant mitochondrial Fe-S proteins. However, its specific molecular function is not clear, and may be different from that of the better characterized yeast and human orthologs, based on known properties. Hence, we report here a detailed characterization of the interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana GRXS15 and ISCA proteins using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments demonstrated that GRXS15 interacts with each of the three plant mitochondrial ISCA1a/1b/2 proteins. UV-visible absorption/CD and resonance Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that coexpression of ISCA1a and ISCA2 resulted in samples with one 2Fe-2S]²⁺ cluster per ISCA1a/2 heterodimer, but cluster reconstitution using as-purified 2Fe-2S]-ISCA1a/2 resulted in a 4Fe-4S]²⁺ cluster-bound ISCA1a/2 heterodimer. Cluster transfer reactions monitored by UV-visible absorption and CD spectroscopy demonstrated that 2Fe-2S]-GRXS15 mediates 2Fe-2S]²⁺ cluster assembly on mitochondrial ferredoxin and 4Fe-4S]²⁺ cluster assembly on the ISCA1a/2 heterodimer in the presence of excess glutathione. This suggests that ISCA1a/2 is an assembler of 4Fe-4S]²⁺ clusters, via two-electron reductive coupling of two 2Fe-2S]²⁺ clusters. Overall, the results provide new insights into the roles of GRXS15 and ISCA1a/2 in effecting 2Fe-2S]²⁺ to 4Fe-4S]²⁺ cluster conversions for the maturation of client 4Fe-4S] cluster-containing proteins in plants.