Virtual reality applied to hepatic surgery simulation: the next revolution

It has previously been shown that zones of higher electric field form close to the loading end of the gel during denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Here we show that the field can reach up to three times its normal mean value a few cm in front of the loading wells when 44.5 mM Tris-44.5 mM boric acid-1 mM EDTA is used as the gel buffer. We also demonstrate that this electric field gradient is mostly due to the difference in ion transference numbers at the gel/buffer interface caused by the high viscosity of the urea solution contained in the gel. This field gradient leads to increased band widths and forces us to redefine both the electrophoretic mobility and the mean field intensity. We discuss some methods that can be used to minimize the effects of this gradient.