| Affiliation: | 1. College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China;2. National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Zhengzhou 450001, China;1. Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia;1. Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Santo André, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil;1. School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA;2. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, IUS, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;1. Centro de Estudios de la Biomasa, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, Guaranda, Ecuador;2. Universidad de Carabobo, Facultad de Ingeniería, Av. Universidad. Bárbula, Valencia, Venezuela;3. Departamento de Ingeniería Rural y Agroalimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain |
| Abstract: | The surface characteristics of immobilized yeast before and after adding CO2-laser pretreated corn stover (LPCS) substrates were investigated using bioethanol production. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD) for experiments, was used to optimize the doping condition. An optimum experimental condition was obtained at pH 4.5, 2.08% yeast concentration, and 0.20% LPCS substrates. Under this condition, doping LPCS increased the yield of bioethanol from 53% to 84%, which matched the predicted value. After doping LPCS, the results of inverted microscope (IM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) illustrated that the immobilized gel beads changed from rod-like in shape with a smooth surface to a larger rod-like ultrastructure with a rougher surface. The yield was relatively stable within 28 d, with a downward trend subsequently appearing. |
