Biodiesel production by esterification of oleic acid over zeolite Y prepared from kaolin |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St., Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, 52 Alsinaa St., P.O. Box 35010, Baghdad, Iraq;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadryah, P.O. Box 47221, Baghdad, Iraq;4. Department of Biochemical Engineering, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadryah, P.O. Box 47008, Baghdad, Iraq;1. Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy;2. Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy;1. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;2. GULIN Automation and Control Ltd., Put kroz Meterize 33, HR-22000 Šibenik, Croatia;1. Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait;2. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt;1. Graduate School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering of the University of Ulsan, Republic of Korea;2. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | 
Zeolite Y, with a Si/Al ratio 3.1, was prepared using Iraqi kaolin and tested as a catalyst in the liquid-phase esterification of oleic acid (a simulated free fatty acid frequently used as a model reaction for biodiesel production). XRD confirmed the presence of the characteristic faujasite structure of zeolite Y, and further analysis was conducted using BET adsorption, FTIR spectroscopy, XRF, DLS particle size and SEM. A range of experimental conditions were employed to study the reaction; alcohol/oleic acid molar ratio, temperature, and catalyst mass loading. The optimum conditions for the reaction were observed at 70 °C, 5 wt% catalyst loading and 6:1 ethanol to oleic acid molar ratio. The oleic acid conversion using the zeolite prepared from kaolin was 85% after 60 min, while the corresponding value for a commercial sample of HY zeolite was 76%. Our findings show that low Si/Al ratio zeolite Y is a suitable catalyst for esterification, which is in contrast to the widespread view of the unsuitability of zeolites, in general, for such applications. |
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| Keywords: | Biodiesel Esterification Y zeolite Kaolin Si/Al ratio |
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