Seasonal prevalence level of aflatoxin M1 and its estimated daily intake in Pakistan |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Food Science & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;2. Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA;3. Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, UK;1. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia;2. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia;1. Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera a La Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico;2. Hospital General “Dr. Maximiliano Ruiz Castañeda”, Naucalpan de Juárez, Estado de México 53580, Mexico;3. Departamento de Nutrición Pública y Salud, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera a La Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico;4. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Veracruz, Veracruz 91897, Mexico;1. Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 34141, Iran;2. Research Institute of Zoonotic Diseases, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 34141, Iran;3. Member of the Iranian Veterinary Council, Iran;1. School of Chemical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;2. Mycotoxin Analytical Centre, Chemistry Department, Penang Branch, Jalan Tull, 10450, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan;4. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China;2. Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China;3. Milk and Dairy Production Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Beijing, 100193, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Aflatoxin M1 level was measured in 520 milk samples during autumn, winter, spring and summer seasons of 2013–14 in five districts of Southern Punjab-Pakistan. Analyses were performed by using enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. Aflatoxin M1 was found positive in 93% milk samples in the range of 0.001–0.26 μg/l while 53% samples were found to exceed the European Union maximum Limit for aflatoxins M1 i.e. 0.05 μg/l. The seasonal prevalence level of AFM1 was found in the order of winter > spring > autumn > summer. Comparing the aflatoxin M1 level during different day times, morning milk was found 37–50% more contaminated than evening milk. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of aflatoxins M1 during different seasons of year for various age groups was found in the range of 0.22–5.45 ng/kg/day. Infants were found in the highest risk group while adults were in the lowest. The results of the study indicate that people of Pakistan are at high risk of health issues related with aflatoxins M1. |
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| Keywords: | Aflatoxins M1 Milk Seasons Morning and evening ELISA Estimated daily intake |
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