Biohythane production in two-stage anaerobic digestion system |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Biochemical Conversion Division, Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-Energy, Kapurthala, 144601, India;2. Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil;3. Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India;1. Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China;2. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China;1. Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy;2. Department of Mathematics and Applications Renato Caccioppoli, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Naples, Italy;3. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy;4. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands;1. Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan;2. Ph. D. Program of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taiwan;3. Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, Taiwan;4. General Education Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan;1. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, P.O. Box 6250, Kathmandu, Nepal;2. Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group (GPBAE), Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam;3. Center for Materials Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan;4. Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Virapandianpatnam, Tiruchendur, Tamil Nadu, India;5. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University – Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea;6. Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea;7. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy;8. Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy;9. Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Doctor Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;1. Biotechnology Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand;2. Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand;3. Research Center in Energy and Environment, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand;1. Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Development Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taiwan;2. Master''s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taiwan;3. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Republic of Mauritius;5. Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taiwan;6. Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Virapandianpatnam, Tiruchendur, Tamil Nadu, India;7. Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, 19, Nguyen Huu Tho Str., Tan Phong Ward, Dist. 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam |
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| Abstract: | Hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) are the potential alternative energy carriers with autonomous extensive and viable importance. These fuels could complement the advantages, and discard the disadvantages of each other, if produced simultaneously. Considering their complementary properties, co-production of a mixture of H2 and CH4 in the form of biohythane in two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) process is gaining more interest than their individual production. Biohythane is a better transportation fuel than compressed natural gas (CNG) in terms of high range of flammability, reduced ignition temperature as well as time, without nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions, improved engine performance without specific modification, etc. Other than production of biohythane, performing two-stage AD is advantageous over one-stage AD due to short HRT, high energy recovery, high COD removal, higher H2 and CH4 yields, and reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) in biogas. For improved biohythane production, various aspects of two-stage AD need to be emphasized. Keeping the facts in mind, the process of two-stage AD along with microbial diversity in comparison to one-stage AD has been discussed in the previous sections of this review. For large scale commercial production, and utilization of biohythane in automobile sector, its execution needs evaluation of process parameters, and problems associated with two-stage AD. Hence, the later part of this review describes the production process of biohythane, concerned microbial diversity, operational process parameters, major challenges and their solutions, applications, and economic evaluation for enhanced production of biohythane. |
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| Keywords: | Anaerobic digestion Hydrogen Methane Biohythane Biowastes |
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