金属矿山溜井问题研究现状及方向

溜井在使用过程中频繁发生的堵塞现象和井壁变形破坏问题，已成为影响矿山安全高效生产的重要因素。将溜井问题归纳为溜井堵塞和井壁稳定性两大问题，并系统分析、总结了溜井问题的研究现状及存在问题。溜井堵塞问题表现为其底部放矿过程中井内物料流动中止，井壁稳定性问题主要表现为井壁变形、失稳和跨塌。研究表明：①矿石含水率、粉矿含量、放矿漏斗角、贮矿高度、贮矿时间以及矿岩块度与溜井直径之间的匹配关系，井壁支护结构脱落与井壁围岩垮塌产生的大块，以及溜井使用管理方面存在的问题，是造成溜井堵塞的主要原因；②矿（废）石的粒度分布特征及其物理力学特性，溜井工程围岩的地质结构特征及其应力场特征，溜井结构、井壁支护强度及其相互关系，是溜井井壁产生变形破坏的主要原因；③矿（废）石在溜井中运动与井壁接触并产生力的作用，使得溜井井壁受到冲击、剪切和摩擦损伤，是溜井井壁产生变形破坏的根本原因；④溜井堵塞后的爆破疏通和临近溜井的掘进爆破，加剧了对井壁的人为破坏。在上述分析的基础上，认为今后溜井问题的研究应着力于：①研究溜井堵塞各影响因素之间的关系，建立相关数学模型，探讨溜井结构及其相关尺寸的设计准则，预防溜井堵塞；②揭示溜井中物料的运动规律及其对井壁的力学作用机理，改善溜井结构及其支护方式，从根本上解决溜井稳定性问题；③研发应力释放技术和高应力环境下的工程支护技术，是解决深埋溜井井壁应力致裂破坏问题的主要研究方向；④从溜井的设计、使用与管理角度预防溜井堵塞，研发溜井堵塞的非爆破疏通技术，减轻爆破对井壁的损伤。

Study Status and Direction of Orepass Existing Problems in Metal Mine

Phenomenons of orepass blockage phenomenon and sidewall deformation and destruction of orepass occurs frequently during the application process of orepass，they are becoming the important influence factors of safe and efficient production of mines.Existing problems of orepass is summarized as two major problems of blockage and sidewall stability，the study status and existing problems of orepass are analyzed and summarized.The blockage phenomenon of orepass is manifested in the suspension of materials flow during the process of oredrawing at the bottom of orepass.Sidewall stability phenomenon is mainly manifested in deformation，instability and collapse of sidewall of orepass.The study results show that:①main reasons of orepass blockage can be summarized as the matching relationship among ore moisture content，powder ore content，oredrawing funnel angle，height and time of ore storage，ore-rock block size and orepass diameter，large blocks produced by support structure falling off and sidewall surrounding rock collapsing，and the existing problems in operation and management of orepass；②main reasons of sidewall deformation and destruction of orepass can be described as particle size distribution and physical and mechanical properties of ores or waste rocks，geological characteristics and stress field features of the surrounding rock of orepass engineering，orepass structure，and sidewall support strength and their mutual relationship；③the fundamental reason of deformation and destruction caused by the impact，shear and friction damage of orepass sidewall，which caused by the force action produced by the movement of ores or waste rocks in orepass and the contact of ores or waste rocks with orepass sidewall；④human destruction of orepass sidewall is intensified by blasting dredging after orepass blockage and excavation blasting near orepass.Based on the above discussion results，the study directions of orepass existing problems as followings:①studying the relationship between the influence factors of orepass blockage，establishing the relevant mathematical models，discussing the design criteria of structure and related dimensions of orepass，so as to prevent orepass blockage；②revealing the movement regularity of materials in orepass and the mechanism of mechanical action of materials on orepass sidewall，improving structure and support model of orepass，so as to solve the existing problems of orepass stability fundamentally；③studying and developing the stress releasing technique and engineering support technique under high stress environment，are the main study directions of solving the stress crack destruction problem of orepass sidewall；④orepass blockage can be prevented from aspects of design，application and management，and non-blasting dredging technique for orepass blockage can be studied，so as to reduce blasting damage to orepass sidewall.