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Hydraulics of Circular Drop Manholes
Authors:F. Granata  G. de Marinis  R. Gargano  W. H. Hager
Affiliation:1Research Fellow, Dipartimento di Meccanica Strutture Ambiente e Territorio, Università di Cassino, Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy (corresponding author). E-mail: f.granata@unicas.it
2Full Professor, Dipartimento di Meccanica Strutture Ambiente e Territorio, Università di Cassino, Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy. E-mail: demarinis@unicas.it
3Associate Professor, Dipartimento di Meccanica Strutture Ambiente e Territorio, Università di Cassino, Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy. E-mail: gargano@unicas.it
4Professor, Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology VAW, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland. E-mail: hager@vaw.baug.ethz.ch
Abstract:Circular drop manholes are widely employed in steep urban drainage systems. Drop manholes may lead to poor hydraulic conditions if their energy dissipation is inadequate. The dominant hydraulic features of drop manholes depend on the flow regimes, characterized in terms of the dimensionless impact parameter. Depending on the latter parameter, the energy dissipation can vary within large limits, affecting thereby the downstream flow features. Also, the water pool depth inside the manhole and the air entrainment have been studied in terms of both the hydraulic and geometric parameters. Moreover, the conditions for which a drop manhole generates flow choking at its inlet or outlet have been investigated. Empirical equations for practical manhole design are provided. The importance of suitable manhole aeration is highlighted.
Keywords:Air entrainment  Manholes  Energy dissipation  Experimentation  Sewers  Critical flow  Hydraulics  
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