Estimation of ex-vessel steam explosion pressure loads

An ex-vessel steam explosion may occur when, during a severe reactor accident, the reactor vessel fails and the molten core pours into the water in the reactor cavity. A steam explosion is a fuel coolant interaction process where the heat transfer from the melt to water is so intense and rapid that the timescale for heat transfer is shorter than the timescale for pressure relief. This can lead to the formation of shock waves and production of missiles that may endanger surrounding structures. A strong enough steam explosion in a nuclear power plant could jeopardize the containment integrity and so lead to a direct release of radioactive material to the environment.In this article, different scenarios of ex-vessel steam explosions in a typical pressurized water reactor cavity are analyzed with the code MC3D, which is being developed for the simulation of fuel–coolant interactions. A parametric study was performed varying the location of the melt release (central, right and left side melt pour), the cavity water subcooling, the primary system overpressure at vessel failure and the triggering time for explosion calculations. The main purpose of the study was to establish the influence of the varied parameters on the fuel–coolant interaction behaviour, to determine the most challenging cases and to estimate the expected pressure loadings on the cavity walls. For the most explosive central, right side and left side melt pour scenarios a detailed analysis of the explosion simulation results was performed. The study shows that for some ex-vessel steam explosion scenarios higher pressure loads are predicted than obtained in the OECD programme SERENA phase 1.