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Membrane treatment of side-stream cooling tower water for reduction of water usage |
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| Authors: | Susan J Altman Richard P Jensen Malynda A Cappelle Andres L Sanchez Randy L Everett Howard L Anderson Lucas K McGrath |
| Affiliation: | 1. Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS-0754, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0754, USA;2. National Security Applications Department, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS-0751, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0751, USA;3. Center for Inland Desalination System, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, Burges Hall 216, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;4. Fire and Aerosol Sciences Department, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS-1135, Albuquerque, NM 87185-01135, USA;5. LMATA Government Services LLC, P.O. Box 5800, MS-0754, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0754, USA |
| Abstract: | A pilot study was conducted to determine whether membrane treatment on a side stream of recirculating cooling-tower water could reduce overall water usage and discharge. The treated permeate was returned to the cooling tower while the concentrate was discharged to the sanitary sewer. Flow rates, pressures and water chemistry were monitored. The pilot demonstrated potential substantial water savings. Maximum make-up water and discharge reduction were 16% and 49%, respectively. As high as possible permeate recovery is needed to maximize water conservation. Silica scaling on the membranes limited water savings in this pilot. Development of membranes with a solute-rejection capacity less than the 92% average of the membranes used in the pilot would assist in optimizing water savings. Decreased water outlays compensated for the additional energy used by membrane treatment. Scaling control is critical for economic operation. |
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