中国新建LNG接收站的经营困境及其对策

由于中国自产气和管道进口气无法满足日益增长的天然气消费需求,2015年缺口量将达540×108 m3,因此需要通过建设新的LNG接收站设施、大力增加LNG进口量来弥补。但近年来,我国几个新建的进口LNG接收站都遇到了购销价格严重倒挂的经营困境,即如果按照现行的管道气门站价格销售LNG,每卖1m3天然气将会出现2~3元的亏损。采用比较法和内外因分析法研究了这一现状,结果认为,进口LNG价格倒挂问题的根源主要表现在:①亚太市场与油价挂钩的LNG采购定价机制不合理;②国内销售定价方式不科学,忽视了热值和环保因素;③LNG蕴含冷能高达830~860MJ/t,但国内对LNG冷能利用开发力度不够;④液态LNG直销市场价格承受力强,但国内目前开发效果不理想。针对形成上述困境的有关根源,研究并提出了相应的对策和建议:今后要在建立LNG期货交易中心、多采购HH(美国Henry Hub期货交易中心)价格气源、打造海外LNG生产基地、改变国内定价方式、出台环保补贴政策、发展冷能利用和液态直销产业等方面多做工作,争取尽快破解我国新建LNG接收站的经营难题。

The business difficulties in China newly built LNG receiving terminals and countermeasures

Since Chinese self produced gas and pipeline gas from abroad cannot meet the growing demand for natural gas, and the huge gap of natural gas supply will be up to 54 billion m³ in 2015, therefore, more and more LNG receiving terminals and facilities will be needed for importing a great volume of LNG to make up for such a gap in China. However, in recent years, several new LNG terminals have experienced a serious business difficulty that the selling prices drop away from the state purchasing prices, that is, if one cubic meter gas is sold at the gate price of pipeline gas, about two to three yuan (RMB) will be lost. Through comparison and cause effect analysis, we found that the roots of the problem are mainly as follows. First, in the Asia Pacific markets, the LNG procurement pricing mechanism linked to oil prices is unreasonable. Second, the domestic LNG sales pricing method ignores the factors of calorific value and environmental protection. Third, the huge cold energy of 830 ~ 860 thousand kJ/t in LNG has not been fully utilized. And finally, although with a strong price affordability, the direct selling market of LNG in liquid state has been far underdeveloped. For the above reasons, solutions were proposed to break through the business difficulty of new LNG terminals: to build LNG futures trading centers in China, to purchase more Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price gas, to build overseas LNG production bases, to change the domestic pricing method, to formulate the environmental subsidy policy of LNG, to expand the cold energy utilization of LNG, and to develop the direct selling market of LNG in liquid state, and so on.