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The Effect of Alkyl Spacers on the Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction Properties of N-Type Polymers
Authors:Iuliana P. Maria  Bryan D. Paulsen  Achilleas Savva  David Ohayon  Ruiheng Wu  Rawad Hallani  Aniruddha Basu  Weiyuan Du  Thomas D. Anthopoulos  Sahika Inal  Jonathan Rivnay  Iain McCulloch  Alexander Giovannitti
Affiliation:1. Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208 USA;3. Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia;4. KAUST Solar Center, King Abdulla University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia;5. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
Abstract:Conjugated polymers with mixed ionic and electronic transport are essential for developing the complexity and function of electrochemical devices. Current n-type materials have a narrow scope and low performance compared with their p-type counterparts, requiring new molecular design strategies. This work presents two naphthalene diimide-bithiophene (NDI-T2) copolymers functionalized with hybrid alkyl-glycol side chains, where the naphthalene diimide unit is segregated from the ethylene glycol (EG) units within the side chain by an alkyl spacer. Introduction of hydrophobic propyl and hexyl spacers is investigated as a strategy to minimize detrimental swelling close to the conjugated backbone and balance the mixed conduction properties of n-type materials in aqueous electrolytes. It is found that both polymers functionalized with alkyl spacers outperform their analogue bearing EG-only side chains in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The presence of the alkyl spacers also leads to remarkable stability in OECTs, with no decrease in the ON current after 2 h of operation. Through this versatile side chain modification, this work provides a greater understanding of the structure-property relationships required for n-type OECT materials operating in aqueous media.
Keywords:mixed ionic-electronic conduction  n-type polymers  organic bioelectronics  organic electrochemical transistors  side chain engineering
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